{"id":10092,"date":"2014-05-01T00:03:30","date_gmt":"2014-04-30T21:03:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=10092"},"modified":"2020-09-14T12:22:02","modified_gmt":"2020-09-14T09:22:02","slug":"15-01-03","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/15-01-03\/","title":{"rendered":"03. Times of Judgment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As we have seen (section 1 above), blessing and judgment are linked, for when God bestows life upon the world, He also passes judgment upon it, determining who will be granted life and blessing, and who will not. Since God recreates life on Rosh Ha-shana for the next year, it is the primary time of judgment for the whole world.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, the Sages state, \u201cOn Rosh Ha-shana, all of humanity pass before Him like sheep, as we read (Tehilim 33:15), \u2018He who fashions the hearts of them all, Who discerns all their doings\u2019\u201d (<em>Rosh Ha-shana<\/em> 16a). They also state: \u201cJust as a person\u2019s earnings are determined on Rosh Ha-shana, so are his losses\u201d (<em>Bava Batra<\/em> 10a).<\/p>\n<p>Even though judgment primarily takes place and is inscribed on Rosh Ha-shana, it is sealed on Yom Kippur. Therefore, the days between them are a time for repentance and prayer to improve the judgment. R. Meir states: \u201cAll are judged on Rosh Ha-shana, and the verdicts are sealed on Yom Kippur\u201d (<em>Rosh Ha-shana<\/em> 16a). Similarly, the Sages state: \u201cAll of a person\u2019s earnings are determined between Rosh Ha-shana and Yom Kippur\u201d (<em>Beitza<\/em> 16a).<\/p>\n<p>Even though the judgment is sealed on Yom Kippur, in exceptional circumstances it is still possible to improve or annul it until Hoshana Rabba and Shemini Atzeret. This is because the angels responsible for carrying out sentences receive their instructions then, so it is the final stage of the yearly judgment (<em>Zohar<\/em> III 33b; <em>Peninei Halakha: Sukkot<\/em> 6:1).<\/p>\n<p>While Rosh Ha-shana is the general day of judgment for the entire year, the Mishna states that the three festivals are days of judgment for particular features. On Pesa\u1e25, judgment is passed about grain; on Shavu\u2019ot, judgment is passed about fruit; and on Sukkot, judgment is passed about water (<em>Rosh Ha-shana<\/em> 16a). Since holy days are a conduit for divine blessing to descend to the world, there is consequently judgment then associated with the blessings they convey. The timing of the holidays reflects natural processes. Sukkot is at the start of winter (the rainy season in Israel), so it is the conduit for the blessing and judgment of water. Pesa\u1e25 is when crops grow, so it is the conduit for the blessing and judgment of the crops. Shavu\u2019ot is when fruit begin to grow and ripen, so it is the conduit for the blessing and judgment of fruit. In other words, on Rosh Ha-shana the general fate of water, crops, and fruit is determined, while the detailed judgment is reserved for later: water on Sukkot, grain on Pesa\u1e25, and fruit on Shavu\u2019ot (<em>Peninei Halakha: Festivals<\/em> 1:2).<sup><a href='#_te01ftn1_1' id='_te01ftnref1_1' class='aup1'>[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<a href='#_te01ftnref1_1' id='_te01ftn1_1'>[1]<\/a>. The Gemara (<em>Rosh Ha-shana<\/em> 16a) explains that the Mishna accords with the academy of R. Yishmael, which states: \u201cThe world is judged four times a year: on Pesa\u1e25 for grain, on Shavu\u2019ot for fruit, and on Sukkot for water. People are judged on Rosh Ha-shana, and the judgments are sealed on Yom Kippur.\u201d In contrast, R. Yehuda states, \u201cEverything is judged on Rosh Ha-shana, but each judgment is sealed at its own time: grain on Pesa\u1e25, fruit on Shavu\u2019ot, and water on Sukkot. People are judged on Rosh Ha-shana, and the judgments are sealed on Yom Kippur.\u201d It would seem that their disagreement is minor. The academy of R. Yishmael maintains that the specifics of water, grain, and fruit are determined during the holidays, although of course they are influenced by the general judgment of Rosh Ha-shana. (Ramban makes a similar point in his Rosh Ha-shana sermon: the general judgment is on Rosh Ha-shana, while the specifics of water are determined on Sukkot, etc. This is how I formulated it above.) In contrast, according to R. Yehuda, everything is determined on Rosh Ha-shana, including the specifics of water, grain, and fruit. It is only the sealing of the judgment that takes place on the various holidays. Ran, in his commentary on <em>Rosh Ha-shana<\/em> 16a, has a different approach. He writes that the general judgment for water is on Sukkot, the one for grain is on Pesa\u1e25, and the one for fruit is on Shavuot; it is only what each individual will be allotted of these three that is determined on Rosh Ha-shana.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As we have seen (section 1 above), blessing and judgment are linked, for when God bestows life upon the world, He also passes judgment upon it, determining who will be granted life and blessing, and who will not. Since God recreates life on Rosh Ha-shana for the next year, it is the primary time of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-15-01"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>03. Times of Judgment - Peninei Halakha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/15-01-03\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"03. 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