{"id":10296,"date":"2014-05-08T00:05:48","date_gmt":"2014-05-07T21:05:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=10296"},"modified":"2020-09-15T12:34:26","modified_gmt":"2020-09-15T09:34:26","slug":"15-08-05","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/15-08-05\/","title":{"rendered":"05. Eating and Drinking Minimal Quantities (\u201cLe-shi\u2019urim<\/em>\u201d)"},"content":{"rendered":"

If a person is dangerously ill, but, according to the doctor\u2019s instructions, need not eat and drink large quantities urgently, then according to several of the greatest Rishonim he should eat and drink less than the minimum punishable quantities (shi\u2019urim<\/em>) intermittently, to minimize the prohibition (as we will explain). Although eating or drinking even tiny amounts is prohibited by the Torah, ingesting a full shi\u2019ur <\/em>increases the gravity of the transgression: Doing so knowingly incurs the punishment of karet<\/em> (extirpation) and doing so unknowingly obligates him to bring a sin offering. Therefore, ingesting less than a shi\u2019ur<\/em> is preferable.<\/p>\n

However, if there is any concern that eating and drinking this way will cause at-risk patients to neglect the recovery of their strength, they must eat and drink normally. For example, if a postpartum woman is exhausted, it is better that she drink normally so that she can have uninterrupted sleep than that she stay awake to drink small quantities intermittently.<\/p>\n

Likewise, diabetics whose condition has no stable treatment must be very cautious. If there is concern that eating and drinking le-shi\u2019urim <\/em>will lead them to be neglectful and not eat as much as they need, they should eat normally. It is also better that they pray in the synagogue with a minyan<\/em> and eat substantial amounts every few hours, rather than eating minimal amounts over an extended period of time and thus be unable to come to synagogue.[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Let us now explain the details of eating and drinking minimal quantities (le-shi\u2019urim<\/em>). For drinking, the minimum punishable quantity is a mouthful, that is, the interior of the mouth plus one cheek is filled with the liquid. This amount varies from person to person. Therefore, the patient must determine how much water fills his mouth by spitting a mouthful into a cup and marking where the water reaches. Le-khat\u1e25ila<\/em>, he should do this before the fast begins. On the fast, he should drink less than this amount each time.<\/p>\n

For solid food, the minimum punishable quantity is the volume of a large date (kotevet<\/em>) \u2013 smaller than an egg but larger than an olive, it is approximately 30 cc or one ounce (SA 612:1-5, 9-10).<\/p>\n

These shi\u2019urim <\/em>also contain a time component. That is, to be punishable, one must eat or drink the requisite shi\u2019ur <\/em>in the time it takes to eat a half a loaf of bread (akhilat pras<\/em>). Some maintain that this is nine minutes, and le-khat\u1e25ila<\/em> it is good to follow this opinion. One who must eat and drink more frequently may suffice with a seven-minute break. When it comes to drinking, one may even suffice with a break of one minute, because some maintain that for drinking this is enough of a break (SA 618:7-8). There is no halakhic difference between water and other liquids; therefore, if drinking le-shi\u2019urim <\/em>suffices for a patient, it is recommended that he drink high-calorie beverages, which may make it unnecessary for him to eat.[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[6]<\/a>. Ramban infers from the Gemara in Keritot<\/em> 13a that a pregnant woman who is in danger and needs to eat on Yom Kippur should eat less than the minimum punishable quantities. He extrapolates from this case to all sick people and concludes that they should all eat and drink le-shi\u2019urim <\/em>when possible. This is also the position of Rosh, Hagahot Maimoniyot<\/em>, Tur<\/em>, and SA 618:7. On the other hand, Rif, Rambam, and many other Rishonim do not mention the idea of le-shi\u2019urim<\/em> at all, nor is this mentioned in Yoma<\/em>. In their view, the Gemara in Keritot<\/em> does not apply to a pregnant woman on Yom Kippur, but rather to a pregnant woman who needs to eat something prohibited. Indeed, several A\u1e25aronim write that a dangerously ill person should eat and drink whatever he needs on Yom Kippur, with no limitations (Netziv; Or Same\u2019a\u1e25<\/em>; R. \u1e24ayim of Brisk). Nevertheless, the accepted ruling is that when possible, it is preferable to eat and drink le-shi\u2019urim<\/em>. This is somewhat difficult to understand, as we know that when it comes to danger to life on Shabbat, we do not instruct people to try to minimize the prohibition by asking a non-Jew or minor to carry out a lifesaving melakha<\/em>, as we are concerned that it will cause people to be neglectful in their lifesaving efforts (Tosafot<\/em>). We are also concerned that at a future time, if no non-Jew or child is present, people will waste time looking for them, and in the interim the sick person will die (Ran). Based on these concerns, the Sages teach that one should not try to use a shinui<\/em> when undertaking lifesaving activities, lest it cause delay or negligence. If, on Shabbat, the Sages do not require people to attempt to downgrade from Torah prohibitions to rabbinic prohibitions out of concern for negligence, why is the accepted ruling to try to minimize the severity of the prohibition, particularly since eating minimal quantities still entails violation of a Torah prohibition? (See Peninei Halakha: Shabbat<\/em> 27:4-5.)<\/p>\n

It seems that since the status of the dangerously ill person is known before Yom Kippur, and we can prepare in advance in an orderly fashion, there is no concern for negligence. On the other hand, it is possible that those Rishonim who do not mention eating le-shi\u2019urim<\/em> are concerned that precise instructions to minimize the prohibition would adversely affect people\u2019s lifesaving efforts. This provides an answer to a question raised by R. Yaakov Ettlinger. He writes that we permit the sick to eat only precisely what is necessary; anything more than that is biblically prohibited. He then expresses surprise that the poskim<\/em> do not mention this (Binyan Tziyon<\/em> \u00a734). We can answer that they do not mention it because in practice it is difficult to establish exactly how much a patient must eat or drink, so to avoid any possibility of endangering life, we permit someone dangerously ill to eat and drink as much as he needs. Hilkhot \u1e24ag Be-\u1e25ag<\/em> quotes R. Elyashiv as saying this (ch. 26 n. 33), and it is similar to the ruling that we take care of the sick on Shabbat exactly as we would on a weekday (SA 328:4; see Peninei Halakha: Shabbat<\/em>, ch. 27 n. 4). It should be noted that there have been tragedies in which diabetics who needed to eat on Yom Kippur did not do so and died as a result. Since many diabetics can function normally, they come to synagogue, but there it is difficult for them to eat le-shi\u2019urim<\/em>. Some have become weak and, without realizing the danger they were in, ended up passing out and dying. When there is any shadow of a doubt concerning danger, diabetics should eat as usual and then go to the synagogue, as the value of eating le-shi\u2019urim<\/em> does not take precedence over the value of going to the synagogue.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>. For more on \u201cakhilat pras<\/em>,\u201d see Peninei Halakha: Pesa\u1e25 <\/em>16:25 and Peninei Halakha: Berakhot<\/em> 10:7. There are many opinions about its duration, ranging from 4 to 9 minutes. MB 618:21 says that on Yom Kippur we should be stringent in accordance with the opinion of \u1e24atam Sofer<\/em> and consider it 9 minutes. However, in times of need, one may be lenient and wait 7 minutes, which is longer than most opinions require. (In Peninei Halakha: Berakhot<\/em> 10:7 I rule that eating a shi\u2019ur <\/em>within 7 minutes requires a berakha a\u1e25arona<\/em>.) In terms of drinking, Rambam uses a different criterion: the time it takes to drink a revi\u2019it<\/em> in a relaxed and continuous manner (MT, Laws of Resting on the Tenth 2:4). This is no longer than a minute. However, SA 618:8 states that le-khat\u1e25ila<\/em> one should be stringent and follow Raavad, who equates drinking with eating. (Accordingly, one should wait 7 minutes.) In times of necessity, it is better to follow Rambam rather than drink more than shi\u2019ur<\/em> at once.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If a person is dangerously ill, but, according to the doctor\u2019s instructions, need not eat and drink large quantities urgently, then according to several of the greatest Rishonim he should eat and drink less than the minimum punishable quantities (shi\u2019urim) intermittently, to minimize the prohibition (as we will explain). Although eating or drinking even tiny […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-15-08"],"yoast_head":"\n05. 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