{"id":10309,"date":"2014-05-09T00:01:01","date_gmt":"2014-05-08T21:01:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=10309"},"modified":"2020-09-15T13:01:43","modified_gmt":"2020-09-15T10:01:43","slug":"15-09-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/15-09-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. The Mitzva to Fast"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>There is a positive commandment to fast on Yom Kippur, as we read, \u201cIn the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall deprive (<em>ve-initem<\/em>) yourselves\u201d (Vayikra 16:29). The primary expression of this deprivation (<em>inui<\/em>, which may also be translated \u201caffliction\u201d or \u201csuffering\u201d) is refraining from life-sustaining food and drink, and the punishment of <em>karet <\/em>(extirpation) in the case of a knowing transgression and a sin offering in the case of an unknowing transgression apply only to one who eats or drinks. Nevertheless, the mitzva of <em>inui<\/em> includes four additional prohibitions, all of which are forms of deprivation. Together with the prohibition on eating and drinking, there are a total of five prohibitions: a) eating and drinking; b) washing; c) anointing; d) wearing shoes; e) sexual relations (<em>Yoma <\/em>73a).<\/p>\n<p>The mitzva of <em>inui <\/em>does not require us to do things that inflict pain, like sitting in the midday sun. Rather, the mitzva is to desist from certain things whose deprivation causes suffering (<em>Yoma<\/em> 74b and 76b-77b). The basis for this understanding is the verse, \u201cIt shall be a Shabbat (<em>Shabbat<\/em>) of complete rest (<em>Shabbaton<\/em>) for you, and you shall deprive yourselves\u201d (Vayikra 23:32). Our Sages expound: \u201c<em>Shabbat<\/em>\u201d \u2013 you should refrain (<em>tishbetu<\/em>) from eating and drinking; \u201c<em>Shabbaton<\/em>\u201d \u2013 you should refrain from other activities that would reduce <em>inui<\/em> (<em>Yoma<\/em> 74a). The Sages also infer from the fact that the Torah commands us to \u201cdeprive ourselves\u201d five times that there are five activities from which one must desist.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>poskim <\/em>disagree about how severe the additional four prohibitions are. Some say that since the Torah never explicitly states that eating and drinking are prohibited, but rather states, \u201cYou shall deprive yourselves,\u201d it means that all five deprivations are included in the Torah\u2019s commandment. According to most <em>poskim<\/em>, however, only eating and drinking are prohibited by the Torah, because the primary expression of <em>inui<\/em> is to be deprived of them. Still, the Torah did not explicitly state that the mitzva is to refrain from eating and drinking, but commanded us to deprive ourselves, to teach us that there must be additional expressions of our deprivation. Based on this, the Sages enacted the other four prohibitions.<sup><a href='#_te01ftn9_1' id='_te01ftnref9_1' class='aup1'>[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<a href='#_te01ftnref9_1' id='_te01ftn9_1'>[1]<\/a>. The Gemara (<em>Yoma<\/em> 76a) states:<\/p>\n<p>What do these five deprivations correspond to? R. \u1e24isda says: They correspond to the five times that the Torah mentions \u201c<em>inui<\/em>\u201d: \u201cOn the tenth [day of the same seventh month, you shall observe a sacred occasion when you shall deprive yourselves\u201d (Bamidbar 29:7)]; \u201cBut the tenth [day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement. It shall be a sacred occasion for you; you shall deprive yourselves\u201d (Vayikra 23:27); \u201cIt shall be] a Shabbat of complete rest [for you, and you shall deprive yourselves\u201d (<em>ibid<\/em>. v. 32); \u201cIt shall be] a Shabbat of complete rest [for you, and you shall deprive yourselves; it is a law for all time\u201d (<em>ibid.<\/em> 16:31)]; \u201cAnd this shall be to you [a law for all time: In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall deprive yourselves\u201d (<em>ibid<\/em>. v. 29).]<\/p>\n<p>It would seem from this exegesis and that of \u201c<em>Shabbat Shabbaton<\/em>\u201d (<em>Yoma <\/em>74a) that all five prohibitions are from the Torah. Indeed, this is the position of <em>She\u2019iltot<\/em>, <em>Behag<\/em>, <em>Itur<\/em>, and <em>Yere\u2019im<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>However, other Rishonim maintain that the additional four afflictions are rabbinic. When the Torah speaks of the punishment of <em>karet<\/em> in the context of Yom Kippur (Vayikra 23:30), it says, \u201cI will cause that person to perish (<em>ve-ha\u2019avadeti et ha-nefesh<\/em>).\u201d The Sages explain that liability to punishment by <em>karet<\/em> is limited to the type of deprivation that would lead to death (<em>ibud nefesh<\/em>) if continued for an extended period (<em>Yoma<\/em> 74b). This implies that it is only eating and drinking that are prohibited by the Torah. Furthermore, we find that R. Eliezer permits a king and a new bride to wash their faces and permits a postpartum woman to wear shoes. Moreover, washing minors and applying cream to them is permitted. If these actions were prohibited by the Torah, we would not find these leniencies. For these reasons, Rabbeinu Tam, Ri, Riva, Rashba, Rosh, Ritva, Me\u2019iri, and <em>Sefer Ha-\u1e25inukh<\/em> maintain that the additional four prohibitions are rabbinic, and the prooftexts simply support the rabbinic laws (\u201c<em>asmakhta<\/em>\u201d) rather than serve as their source. Those who nevertheless maintain that all the deprivations are Torah prohibitions explain that the Torah authorizes the Sages to delineate their parameters. Therefore, the Sages can choose to be lenient in certain cases (Ran). If the additional deprivations are from the Torah, why do they not carry the punishment of <em>karet<\/em>? Because as long as one fasts, he is observing the primary deprivation.<\/p>\n<p>I would like to suggest that all agree that these four prohibitions are rooted in the Torah, while the details are rabbinic. This is why the Torah obliquely describes the mitzva of the day as \u201c<em>inui<\/em>,\u201d which includes all types of deprivation, not just eating and drinking. According to most <em>poskim<\/em>, the Torah requires us to desist from eating and drinking (the primary form of deprivation), and leaves other matters which have an aspect of deprivation to the discretion of the Sages, while alluding in the verses that there are grounds to prohibit five things. Others say that even the four additional prohibitions are absolutely included in the Torah commandment, for desisting from them is part of the mitzva of <em>inui.<\/em> However, since they are not the primary forms of <em>inui<\/em>, their parameters were given to the Sages to delineate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There is a positive commandment to fast on Yom Kippur, as we read, \u201cIn the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall deprive (ve-initem) yourselves\u201d (Vayikra 16:29). The primary expression of this deprivation (inui, which may also be translated \u201caffliction\u201d or \u201csuffering\u201d) is refraining from life-sustaining food and drink, and the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[192],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-15-09"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>01. 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