{"id":11037,"date":"2001-01-04T00:04:20","date_gmt":"2001-01-03T22:04:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=11037"},"modified":"2022-09-14T13:03:11","modified_gmt":"2022-09-14T10:03:11","slug":"13-04-04","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/13-04-04\/","title":{"rendered":"04. What Invalidates the Four Species"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>There are five categories of disqualification that invalidate the four species:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The species must be those which the Torah specifies, and no others. The \u201cfruit of a <em>hadar<\/em> tree\u201d is an <em>etrog<\/em> and not a lemon. Even a hybrid <em>etrog<\/em> is invalid (section 10 below). \u201cBoughs of dense-leaved trees\u201d are <em>hadasim <\/em>with threefold leaves, not wild <em>hadasim<\/em>. One must take a willow branch, not a poplar branch.<\/li>\n<li>They must retain their natural form. Thus, if the leaves of the <em>lulav <\/em>grow on only one side, or most of the leaves of the <em>hadas<\/em> or <em>arava<\/em> have fallen off, they are invalid.<\/li>\n<li>They must be of the required size. If they are too small, they would not be referred to as \u201cthe fruit of a <em>hadar<\/em> tree\u201d or \u201cbranches of a palm tree\u201d or \u201cboughs of dense-leaved trees\u201d or \u201cwillows of the brook\u201d (as explained in sections 7-9 and 12 below).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If a specimen does not meet these three requirements, it is invalid for the entire festival.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They must possess <em>hadar<\/em> (beauty, aesthetic pleasantness), that is, they have not lost their natural form and beauty \u2013 for example, by completely drying out, even if they retain their basic shape. Most <em>poskim<\/em> invalidate specimens that lack <em>hadar <\/em>only on the first Yom Tov (Rambam; Ramban). Others say that this invalidates them all seven days (Rosh).<\/li>\n<li>They must be whole. When it comes to an <em>etrog<\/em>, this means it must not be missing any flesh (section 11 below); regarding a <em>lulav<\/em>, it means the <em>tiyomet<\/em> must not be split (section 6 below). These defects invalidate the <em>lulav<\/em> and <em>etrog<\/em> on the first Yom Tov, but do not invalidate them during the rest of the festival. (See <em>Sukka<\/em> 34b; <em>Tosafot<\/em> <em>ad loc<\/em>. s.v. \u201cshe-tehei\u201d; Rashi on 36b, s.v. \u201cu-meshaninan.\u201d)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thus, to disqualify a specimen, it must have undergone a significant change. It follows that the stress that some people feel when choosing their specimens is unwarranted. True, in the upcoming sections we will deal extensively with the various defects that invalidate the four species, but these issues rarely come up.<\/p>\n<p>Even though most of the specimens on sale are kosher, Jewish practice is to enhance the mitzva by choosing beautiful specimens, as the Torah says, \u201cThis is my God and I will glorify Him (<em>ve-anvehu<\/em>)\u201d (Shemot 15:2), which the Sages expound to mean: \u201cBeautify (<em>hitna\u2019eh<\/em>) yourself before Him through <em>mitzvot<\/em>: Make a beautiful (<em>na\u2019ah<\/em>) <em>sukka<\/em>, a beautiful (<em>na\u2019eh<\/em>) <em>lulav<\/em>\u2026\u201d (<em>Shabbat<\/em> 133b). This, however, should not be a source of stress.<\/p>\n<p>When circumstances are pressing and it is impossible to obtain kosher specimens, one may fulfill the mitzva using specimens that lack <em>hadar <\/em>or are not whole (requirements 4 and 5 above), such as a <em>lulav<\/em> which is dried out or has a split <em>tiyomet<\/em>. According to most <em>poskim<\/em>, one even recites the <em>berakha<\/em> when taking them; others say that one does not recite it.<sup><a href='#_te01ftn4_2' id='_te01ftnref4_2' class='aup1'>[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In addition to the five types of disqualification, which relate to the specimens themselves, one also does not fulfill the mitzva with a stolen specimen. On the first Yom Tov, even a borrowed specimen is invalid (as explained below in section 13). Additionally, anything dedicated for idolatry is invalid to fulfill the mitzva (SA 649:3).<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<a href='#_te01ftnref4_2' id='_te01ftn4_2'>[2]<\/a>. \u201cR. Yehuda said: \u2018It happened that city-dwellers would bequeath their <em>lulavim<\/em> to their children (i.e., a dried -out <em>lulav<\/em> is kosher).\u2019 [The Sages] said to him: \u2018Pressing circumstances are no proof\u2019\u201d (<em>Sukka<\/em> 31a-b). Thus, even the Sages agree that a dry <em>lulav<\/em> may be used under pressing circumstances. According to Raavad, they would use dry <em>lulavim<\/em> only so that the mitzva would not be forgotten, but they did not recite the <em>berakha<\/em>. SA 649:6 shows concern for this position. In contrast, Rambam maintains that one does recite the <em>berakha<\/em> over a dry <em>lulav<\/em>, but not over a <em>lulav <\/em>disqualified for one of the other reasons. According to the vast majority of Rishonim, under pressing circumstances one may recite the <em>berakha<\/em> over the four species even if they are not <em>hadar<\/em> or are incomplete. These include R. Yitz\u1e25ak ibn Gi\u2019at; <em>Ma\u1e25zor Vitri<\/em> \u00a7373; Rabbeinu Tam; Rid; <em>Itur<\/em>; <em>Ha-manhig<\/em>; Raavya 2:653; Rosh (<em>Sukka <\/em>3:14); <em>Smag<\/em>; <em>Or Zaru\u2019a<\/em>; and many more. This is also the view of Radbaz; MA; <em>Eliya Rabba<\/em>; and MB 649:58.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are five categories of disqualification that invalidate the four species: The species must be those which the Torah specifies, and no others. The \u201cfruit of a hadar tree\u201d is an etrog and not a lemon. Even a hybrid etrog is invalid (section 10 below). \u201cBoughs of dense-leaved trees\u201d are hadasim with threefold leaves, not [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[210],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11037","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-13-04"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>04. 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