{"id":7177,"date":"2016-01-08T01:00:34","date_gmt":"2016-01-07T23:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=7177"},"modified":"2016-07-14T14:18:21","modified_gmt":"2016-07-14T11:18:21","slug":"01-08-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/01-08-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. The Basic Principles of Havdala<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"

It is a mitzva to conclude Shabbat with havdala<\/em>, in which we give verbal expression to the difference between the sanctity of Shabbat and the ordinary weekdays. The laws pertaining to havdala<\/em> are similar to those pertaining to kiddush<\/em>. Just as one must mention the sanctity of Shabbat on Friday night both during prayer and over a cup of wine, so too, at the conclusion of Shabbat one must recite havdala<\/em> both during prayer and over a cup of wine.<\/p>\n

It is true that originally, when the Men of the Great Assembly formulated havdala<\/em>, they designed it for prayer alone. This was because it was at the time of the building of the Second Temple, and the Jews were poor. Therefore, the Sages did not wish to burden them with an additional expense by requiring wine for havdala<\/em>. However, later on when the Jews\u2019 financial situation improved and they could afford it, the Sages ordained that havdala<\/em> be recited over a cup of wine. There was a period of time when people made havdala<\/em> only on a cup of wine, not during prayer. Eventually it was decided that havdala<\/em> would be done both during prayer and over a cup of wine. Women, who do not generally pray Ma\u2019ariv<\/em>, fulfill their obligation by hearing havdala<\/em> over a cup of wine. Similarly, if one forgot to add the havdala<\/em> insertion in the Amida<\/em>, he does not repeat the prayer. Rather, he fulfills the obligation by hearing havdala<\/em> over a cup of wine (SA 294:1).<\/p>\n

The havdala<\/em> in prayer is recited during the fourth berakha<\/em> of the Amida<\/em> since this is the first berakha<\/em> that relates to everyday matters. Additionally, the theme of this berakha<\/em> is knowledge, without which one cannot distinguish between the sacred and the profane. Therefore, it is logical to integrate havdala<\/em> into the berakha<\/em> in which we request wisdom and knowledge (Berakhot<\/em> 33a).<\/p>\n

According to many poskim<\/em>, the obligation of havdala<\/em> is by Torah law. These poskim <\/em>understand the mitzva of Zakhor<\/em> to include both kiddush <\/em>and havdala<\/em>; that is, marking Shabbat\u2019s onset by invoking its sanctity and its exit by distinguishing the sacred from the profane. The requirement to recite kiddush <\/em>and havdala <\/em>over a cup of wine is rabbinic (Rambam). Others maintain that the Torah commandment of Zakhor <\/em>is limited to invoking the sanctity of Shabbat at its onset, but the Sages expanded the mitzva by ordaining the recitation of havdala <\/em>at its end (Rosh).<\/p>\n

Women are obligated in havdala <\/em>like men. Even though it is a time-dependent positive mitzva, from which women are generally exempt, since it is linked to the mitzva of kiddush<\/em>, women are obligated to recite havdala <\/em>just as they are obligated in kiddush<\/em> (as explained above in 6:1). Nevertheless, there is an opinion that since havdala<\/em> is time-dependent, women are exempt from it (Or\u0125ot \u0124ayim<\/em>). In deference to this, le-khat\u0125ila<\/em> women generally do not make havdala<\/em> for themselves, but rather hear it from a man. However, if there is no man present, a woman must make havdala<\/em> for herself, reciting all four berakhot <\/em>of havdala<\/em>. Even if there is a man present, if he has already fulfilled his havdala<\/em> obligation, it is proper that the woman make havdala<\/em> for herself (MB 296:36). Only if she does not know how to make the berakhot<\/em> herself can a man who already fulfilled his obligation make havdala<\/em> for her.[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a>. According to Rambam, She\u2019iltot<\/em>, Smag<\/em>, \u0124inukh<\/em>, and most poskim<\/em>, havdala<\/em> is a Torah obligation, included in the mitzva of Zakhor<\/em>. Just as women are obligated by Torah law in kiddush<\/em>, so too they are obligated by Torah law in havdala<\/em>. Even according to Rosh and those Rishonim who maintain that havdala<\/em> is a rabbinic obligation, many explain that the Sages modeled it after kiddush<\/em>. Accordingly, just as women are obligated in kiddush<\/em>, so too they are obligated in havdala<\/em>. This is the opinion of Me\u2019 iri, Nimukei Yosef<\/em> quoting Ritva, and Magid Mishneh<\/em>. However, Or\u0125ot \u0124ayim<\/em> states that the rabbinic requirement of havdala<\/em> is not connected to the mitzva of Zakhor<\/em>, and therefore women are exempt, since it is a time-dependent positive commandment. Rema takes this opinion into account and writes that therefore women should not make havdala<\/em> for themselves, but rather should listen to a man make havdala<\/em> (296:8). However, Ba\u0125<\/em>, MA, and other A\u0125aronim state that a woman who wants to make havdala<\/em> may do so, since according to most poskim<\/em> a woman may perform and recite berakhot<\/em> on time-dependent positive mitzvot<\/em> from which she is exempt. This is also the position of Rema 589:6. Even though according to SA women do not make a berakha<\/em> before performing a mitzva from which they are exempt, nevertheless, since the decisive majority of poskim<\/em> feel that women are obligated in havdala<\/em> (quite possibly by Torah law), they may make havdala<\/em> for themselves and not worry that they might be guilty of making a berakha le-vatala<\/em> (a blessing in vain). Furthermore, a man who has already fulfilled his obligation may, if necessary, make havdala<\/em> for them. BHL implies that women should not make a berakha<\/em> over the candle since this berakha<\/em> is not really a part of havdala<\/em>. This is the ruling in SSK 58:16 as well. However, many A\u0125aronim find this surprising, and maintain that the berakha<\/em> over the candle is considered part of havdala<\/em> and that women who are making havdala<\/em> should recite all four berakhot<\/em>. Indeed, this is the position of Igrot Moshe<\/em> \u0124M<\/em> 2:47:2, Ye\u0125aveh Da\u2019at<\/em> 4:27, and Tzitz Eliezer<\/em> 14:43.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It is a mitzva to conclude Shabbat with havdala, in which we give verbal expression to the difference between the sanctity of Shabbat and the ordinary weekdays. The laws pertaining to havdala are similar to those pertaining to kiddush. Just as one must mention the sanctity of Shabbat on Friday night both during prayer and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[78],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7177","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-08"],"yoast_head":"\n01. The Basic Principles of Havdala - Peninei Halakha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/01-08-01\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"01. The Basic Principles of Havdala - Peninei Halakha\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"It is a mitzva to conclude Shabbat with havdala, in which we give verbal expression to the difference between the sanctity of Shabbat and the ordinary weekdays. The laws pertaining to havdala are similar to those pertaining to kiddush. 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