{"id":7212,"date":"2016-01-09T10:00:15","date_gmt":"2016-01-09T08:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=7212"},"modified":"2016-07-14T15:07:50","modified_gmt":"2016-07-14T12:07:50","slug":"01-09-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/01-09-10\/","title":{"rendered":"10. Children, Non-Jews, and Animals"},"content":{"rendered":"

In addition to the prohibition of doing melakha<\/em> on Shabbat, we are also enjoined to allow our entire household to rest \u2013 children, servants, and animals \u2013 as is written: \u201cYou shall not do any melakha<\/em> \u2013 you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your ox or your ass, or any of your cattle, or the stranger in your settlements \u2013 so that your male and female slave may rest as you do\u201d (Devarim 5:14).<\/p>\n

Thus we see that in addition to the rabbinic obligation to educate children toward mitzva observance, there is also a Torah obligation to make sure that no melakha<\/em> is done on Shabbat by a child (below, ch. 24).<\/p>\n

Similarly, the Torah prohibits allowing one\u2019s non-Jewish servant do melakha<\/em>. In order to understand the significance of this, we must first explain that according to the Torah, a non-Jewish servant who is acquired by a Jew must undergo conversion, after which he must keep all of the mitzvot<\/em> except for time-bound positive ones. Should his master decide to free him, he becomes a normal Jew, obligated in all of the commandments including time-bound positive ones. Therefore, even while he is a servant, since he has undergone conversion he is obligated by Torah law to keep Shabbat. The Torah further requires the master to supervise his servant and make sure that he does not work on Shabbat.<\/p>\n

If a servant has not undergone conversion, he is not obligated to keep Shabbat. He may do melakha<\/em> for his own benefit, but not on a Jew\u2019s behalf. The Torah decrees that just as the Jew must rest, he must also not request that his servant perform melakha<\/em> for him on Shabbat, as the Torah states: \u201cThat the son of your servant and the stranger may be refreshed\u201d (Shemot 23:12). The Sages explain that this refers to a servant who has not undergone conversion.[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The Sages also forbade a Jew to ask a non-Jew to do melakha<\/em> for him on Shabbat, with occasional exceptions in cases of rabbinic prohibitions (below, sections 11-12 and ch. 25).<\/p>\n

The Torah also prohibits having melakha<\/em> done by one\u2019s animals (below, ch. 20). However, one\u2019s inanimate possessions do not need to \u201crest\u201d on Shabbat. Therefore, a Jew may lend items to a non-Jew for doing melakha<\/em> on Shabbat, as long as it will not appear as if the non-Jew is acting on the Jew\u2019s behalf (Shabbat<\/em> 19a, following Beit Hillel; SA 246:1-3).<\/p>\n

\n
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[7]<\/a>. Yevamot<\/em> 48b; SA 304:1; MB ad loc<\/em>. 1, 15. There is a disagreement regarding the status of a ger toshav<\/em>, a non-Jew who takes upon himself the seven Noahide commandments. Rashi and Tosafot<\/em> Yevamot<\/em> 48b, citing the verse, \u201con the seventh day you shall cease from labor, in order that\u2026your bondman and the stranger (ger<\/em>) may be refreshed\u201d (Shemot 23:12), maintain that even though the ger<\/em> mentioned here is a non-Jew and thus may work on Shabbat, it is forbidden by Torah law for a Jew to ask a ger<\/em> toshav<\/em> to do melakha<\/em> for him on Shabbat. However, according to Rosh ad loc<\/em>. and Rambam (MT 20:14), the Torah prohibition is relevant only if the non-Jew has been hired by the Jew to work or if he is the Jew\u2019s servant. However, a ger toshav<\/em> who is not in his employ is like any other non-Jew. Thus, according to Torah law, one may ask him to do melakha<\/em>, but rabbinic law forbids it. (Smag<\/em>, Lo Ta\u2019aseh<\/em> 75 is the lone voice that maintains that one may not ask a non-Jew to do melakha<\/em> on Shabbat according to Torah law. Beit Yosef<\/em> quotes this at the end of \u00a7245.)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In addition to the prohibition of doing melakha on Shabbat, we are also enjoined to allow our entire household to rest \u2013 children, servants, and animals \u2013 as is written: \u201cYou shall not do any melakha \u2013 you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your ox or your ass, or any […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-09"],"yoast_head":"\n10. 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