{"id":8025,"date":"2016-01-29T01:00:38","date_gmt":"2016-01-28T23:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=8025"},"modified":"2016-10-06T11:22:53","modified_gmt":"2016-10-06T08:22:53","slug":"01-29-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/01-29-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. Transforming a Public Domain"},"content":{"rendered":"

As we learned in chapter 21, one may transport items on Shabbat within a private domain (reshut ha-ya\u0125id<\/em>) but not more than four amot<\/em> within a public domain (reshut ha-rabim<\/em>) and not from a public to a private domain and vice versa.<\/p>\n

An eruv<\/em>, however, transforms a reshut ha-rabim<\/em> into a reshut ha-ya\u0125id<\/em>, thus allowing people to transport items within that area without limit, as well as to transport items from homes and yards into that area, and vice versa.<\/p>\n

An eruv <\/em>has two components, one pertaining to the area that will be transformed into a private domain, and the other relating to the people who will live within the eruv<\/em>\u2019s boundaries. In order to define the area as a single private domain, it must be enclosed by a fence. However, this is not enough. The people who live within the area must also establish a partnership with one another. This is done by means of two meals worth of food that is owned collectively by everyone and from which anyone may partake. This communal food is called an eruv<\/em> (literally \u201cmerging\u201d) because it merges or joins together all the homes and yards, turning them into a single private domain. Nevertheless, it has become commonplace to call the enclosure itself an eruv <\/em>as well, and we follow this convention.<\/p>\n

As we learned (21:2-3), there is a difference between a reshut ha-rabim<\/em> by Torah law and a semipublic domain (karmelit<\/em>), which is treated as a reshut ha-rabim<\/em> by rabbinic law. In order to permit carrying in a reshut ha-rabim<\/em> by Torah law, the area must be enclosed by a wall or fence at least ten tefa\u0125im<\/em> high (approximately one meter),[1]<\/a><\/sup> and the gates that people use to enter the enclosure must be locked at night (SA 364:2).<\/p>\n

However, a karmelit<\/em>, considered a public domain on the rabbinic level, need not be enclosed by an actual fence. Rather, it is sufficient to surround it with tzurot ha-peta\u0125<\/em> (defined in the following section) to transform it into a reshut ha-ya\u0125id<\/em> (SA 362:10-11).<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[1]<\/a>. A tefa\u0125<\/em>, according to R. \u0124ayim Naeh, is eight cm. Ten tefa\u0125im<\/em>, then, is 80 cm. He bases his calculations on Rambam\u2019s opinion regarding the size of a dirhem (a unit of mass derived from the Greek drachma coin). However, it has since been ascertained that a dirhem at the time of Rambam was more than ten percent smaller in volume than the Turkish dirhem with which R. Naeh was familiar. This means that R. Naeh\u2019s shi\u2019ur<\/em> is too large. Using the corrected measurements, a tefa\u0125<\/em> is 7.6 cm and ten tefa\u0125im<\/em> is 76 cm. \u0124azon Ish, basing himself on Noda Bi-Yehuda<\/em>, maintains that a tefa\u0125<\/em> is 9.6 cm. The law accords with Rambam, whose opinion is accepted by the vast majority of poskim<\/em>, taking into account the current knowledge about the size of the dirhem. Nevertheless, for two generations, people have grown accustomed to relying on R. Naeh\u2019s shi\u2019ur<\/em>. Additionally, some follow the stringent opinion of \u0124azon Ish. It would seem reasonable le-khat\u0125ila<\/em> to follow \u0124azon Ish when building an eruv<\/em> (whether enclosed by a fence or tzurot ha-peta\u0125<\/em>), since sometimes the wire droops. When that happens, if the eruv<\/em> was constructed based on a small shi\u2019ur<\/em>, its validity is uncertain. By following \u0124azon Ish, we avoid this problem. In addition, an eruv<\/em> is meant to serve the entire community. Le-khat\u0125ila<\/em>, when acting on behalf of the entire community, it is more important than usual to try to meet the requirements of all the different opinions. In light of all this, I write generally that ten tefa\u0125im<\/em> is approximately one meter (following \u0124azon Ish), even though technically one could follow the smaller, updated shi\u2019ur<\/em>. When there is a gap of ten amot<\/em>, which can disqualify the eruv<\/em>, one should be stringent and use the smaller, updated shi\u2019ur<\/em> of 4.56 m.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As we learned in chapter 21, one may transport items on Shabbat within a private domain (reshut ha-ya\u0125id) but not more than four amot within a public domain (reshut ha-rabim) and not from a public to a private domain and vice versa. An eruv, however, transforms a reshut ha-rabim into a reshut ha-ya\u0125id, thus allowing […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[99],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-29"],"yoast_head":"\n01. Transforming a Public Domain - Peninei Halakha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/01-29-01\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"01. Transforming a Public Domain - Peninei Halakha\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As we learned in chapter 21, one may transport items on Shabbat within a private domain (reshut ha-ya\u0125id) but not more than four amot within a public domain (reshut ha-rabim) and not from a public to a private domain and vice versa. 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