{"id":8044,"date":"2016-01-30T01:00:01","date_gmt":"2016-01-29T23:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=8044"},"modified":"2016-10-06T13:18:58","modified_gmt":"2016-10-06T10:18:58","slug":"01-30-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/01-30-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. General Principles of Te\u0125um Shabbat <\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"

The need to travel from place to place stems from man\u2019s deficiency: he cannot find his livelihood and meet his needs by remaining stationary. So he must roam and leave his place. But the idea of Shabbat is for every Jew to rest from his travails and worries, contemplate the inner perfection of creation, thank God for choosing Israel from all peoples and giving us His Torah, and delight in God and His goodness.<\/p>\n

For this reason, the Sages ordained boundaries (te\u0125umin<\/em>) within which one may walk on Shabbat, and beyond which one may not walk. One\u2019s te\u0125um Shabbat<\/em> (Shabbat boundary) is determined by his mekom shevita<\/em> \u2013 the place where he is spending Shabbat (literally \u201cstopping place\u201d) \u2013 plus 2,000 amot<\/em> in each direction (2,000 amot<\/em> corresponds to 2,000 steps of an average person, approximately 912 m).[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

If one is spending Shabbat in a field (i.e., not in a city or town), his mekom shevita<\/em> is defined as four amot <\/em>squared. This is the amount of space one occupies when lying on the ground with his arms and legs outstretched.[2]<\/a><\/sup> He may walk 2,000 amot<\/em> beyond that in each direction. If he is spending Shabbat in a city or town, the entire settled area is considered one place, and he may travel 2,000 amot<\/em> beyond the city limits (see section 8 below).<\/p>\n

According to Rambam and Smag<\/em>, te\u0125um Shabbat <\/em>restrictions are based on Torah law, though the Torah prohibition forbids one to travel more than twelve mil<\/em> (24,000 amot<\/em>, which is 10944 m, almost eleven km) from his mekom shevita<\/em>. This is based on the size of the Israelite camp in the wilderness, as the Torah states: \u201cLet everyone remain where he is; let no man leave his place on the seventh day\u201d (Shemot 16:29). However, according to Ramban, Rosh, Rashba, and most Rishonim, this verse does not refer to the laws of te\u0125um<\/em> but rather to those of carrying in a reshut ha-rabim<\/em>; all boundary restrictions (even beyond twelve mil<\/em>) are rabbinic law.[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The Sages ordained that if one must travel beyond the te\u0125um<\/em> on Shabbat \u2013 in order to attend a wedding celebration or a Torah lecture \u2013 he may make an eruv te\u0125umin<\/em>, which extends his te\u0125um <\/em>in the necessary direction (as explained below in sections 12-14). One who leaves his te\u0125um<\/em> forfeits it and must remain within his four amot<\/em> (as explained below, section 11).<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[1]<\/a>. According to R. \u0124ayim Naeh\u2019s calculations, which are based on Rambam (with whom the vast majority of poskim<\/em> agree), one ama<\/em> is 48 cm, and 2,000 amot<\/em> is 960 m. According to \u0124azon Ish, one ama<\/em> is 57.6 cm, and 2,000 amot<\/em> is 1152 m. Since it has been ascertained that the Turkish dirhem with which R. Naeh was familiar is larger than the dirhem used in Rambam\u2019s time, we should follow the more accurate calculation even though it results in a stringency. (Additionally, the shi\u2019urim<\/em> of volume need to be in sync with the shi\u2019urim<\/em> of distance, since the Sages said that the volume of forty se\u2019ah<\/em> can fit into an area of one ama<\/em> by one ama<\/em> by three amot<\/em>.) Therefore, R. \u0124ayim Beinish writes in Midot Ve-shi\u2019urei Torah <\/em>5:24 that according to Rambam, one ama<\/em> is 45.6 cm and 2,000 amot<\/em> is 912 m. In addition, the actual length of the average man\u2019s forearm (ama<\/em>) is approximately 45 cm. See Peninei Halakha:<\/em> Berakhot<\/em>, ch. 10 n. 11. This is how we present every halakhic measurement. See above, ch. 29 n. 1.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>. According to SA 396:1, one\u2019s \u201cplace\u201d is four amot<\/em> by four amot<\/em>, as it is with regard to carrying in a reshut ha-rabim <\/em>or a karmelit<\/em>. Rema writes that some maintain for the purposes of te\u0125umin<\/em>, one\u2019s place extends four amot<\/em> from the center in each direction, for a total of eight amot<\/em> by eight amot<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>. The Sages were uncertain whether boundary restrictions apply above ten tefa\u0125im<\/em>; perhaps, since people do not walk there, the prohibition does not apply there. In practice, when there is uncertainty pertaining to a rabbinic prohibition, the law follows the more lenient position. Therefore, regarding boat travel in oceans and rivers, where Rambam agrees that the prohibition is not a Torah prohibition (as such travel is not comparable to travel in the wilderness), as long as one is ten tefa\u0125im<\/em> above the seabed, the te\u0125um<\/em> prohibitions do not apply (Eruvin<\/em> 43a; SA 404:1). According to SA 248:2, the ten tefa\u0125im<\/em> above the seabed are measured from the bottom of the boat, while according to R. Eliezer of Metz they are measured from one\u2019s feet. SAH and MB 248:14 state that in times of need one may be lenient. However, if one is traveling at a height of more than ten tefa\u0125im<\/em> above land, several poskim<\/em> maintain that one should be stringent in accordance with Rambam and not travel more than twelve mil (Rema 404:1).\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The need to travel from place to place stems from man\u2019s deficiency: he cannot find his livelihood and meet his needs by remaining stationary. So he must roam and leave his place. But the idea of Shabbat is for every Jew to rest from his travails and worries, contemplate the inner perfection of creation, thank […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8044","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-30"],"yoast_head":"\n01. 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