{"id":8053,"date":"2016-01-30T10:00:16","date_gmt":"2016-01-30T08:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=8053"},"modified":"2016-10-06T17:37:39","modified_gmt":"2016-10-06T14:37:39","slug":"01-30-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/01-30-10\/","title":{"rendered":"10. The Status of Large Cities"},"content":{"rendered":"

If a highway within a city is more than 64 m wide and bisects the entire city, then the city is viewed as divided in two, and the te\u0125um Shabbat<\/em> for residents of each of the two sections is calculated separately. This is also the case for a wide-open area such as a park or large garden. If it is more than 64 m wide and bisects the entire city, then the city is viewed as divided in two, and the te\u0125um Shabbat<\/em> for each of the two sections is calculated separately.<\/p>\n

At first glance, it would seem that the Ayalon Highway divides Tel Aviv into two cities. Nevertheless, since there is an eruv<\/em> that encompasses all of Tel Aviv and the nearby cities, the eruv<\/em> unites the different sections. Additionally, if a highway bisects a city but the rectangles drawn around each section overlap, then the overlapping area joins together the sections and we draw a new rectangle around the entire area, as explained above. Additionally, one could argue that since it is intended that all a city\u2019s residents will make use of a highway, park, or large garden, they are considered part of the city and do not actually divide it.<\/p>\n

Others disagree, maintaining that these factors \u2013 an eruv<\/em>, usage by all city residents, and overlapping rectangles \u2013 cannot join together the two sections formed by a highway or park that bisects a city. The primary position is the lenient one. However, it is proper to be stringent and avoid walking more than twelve mil<\/em> beyond the highway, since some say that traveling beyond twelve mil<\/em> is forbidden by Torah law (see section 1 above).[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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[10]<\/a>. As mentioned above, two cities or neighborhoods do not join together if they are separated by 64 m, which is double the size of a city\u2019s outskirts (SA 398:7). Rema adds that if the entire length of a city is bisected with at least this much space, then the city is viewed as divided in two. Similarly, if a park that is more than 64 m wide stretches the entire length of a city, it divides the city, and each part is considered its own city. R. Ephraim Ariel Buchwald in his book Kiryat Ariel<\/em> presents a ruling of R. Yosef Shalom Elyashiv that the Ayalon Highway, Namir Highway (north of the Yarkon River), and the Yarkon itself \u2013 each of which is over 64 m wide \u2013 divide Tel Aviv into five cities.Nevertheless, for several reasons it seems that these highways and the river do not divide the city. First of all, the Tel Aviv eruv<\/em> encloses all these parts, joining them together into one city. When the halakha<\/em> speaks of a bisected city being divided in two, it is referring to a situation in which the walls have been breached. If the city is walled, however, it is still considered one area. Furthermore, even if the eruv<\/em> happens to be down and in practice one may not carry in the area, as long as the majority of the eruv<\/em> is still standing, the city may still be considered one area. Or\u0125ot Shabbat<\/em> states this in ch. 28 n. 163 in the name of R. Shmuel Auerbach, who derives it from the laws of sacrifices (certain types of which had to be eaten within the walls of Jerusalem), for which a wall whose breaches cover less length than its standing parts is effective (Tosafot<\/em>, BM 53b).<\/p>\n

If the road bisecting a city is not straight, the rectangles drawn around each section can overlap, thus uniting the city even if there is no eruv<\/em>. This opinion was expressed by R. Shalom Noa\u0125 Segal Weiss in Tikun Eruvin<\/em> 2:5:39 (p. 211) and n. 156 (pp. 236-237). Ma\u0125azeh<\/em> Avraham<\/em> O\u0124 70 states that even if the rectangles do not touch each other, as long as the distance between them is less than 64 m, they are considered joined.<\/p>\n

Another justification for leniency is that the shi\u2019ur<\/em> of 64 m \u2013 double the size of a city\u2019s outskirts \u2013 was based on the standards in talmudic times. However, now that cities are much more sprawling, the entire area that serves the city\u2019s residents should be considered part of the city\u2019s outskirts. This can be derived from the law of a city that is situated next to a stream. If the bank of the stream that is closer to the city has a balcony that is four amot<\/em> wide, the entire stream is considered part of the city, and the city\u2019s te\u0125um <\/em>is measured from the farther bank. This would seem to be the case even when the width of the stream is greater than 64 m. MB 398:46 cites Ritva (Eruvin <\/em>61a, s.v. \u201cve-Ra\u201d\u0124 z\u201dl\u201d) that since \u201cthis stream is in front of the whole city and is fit to be used by all the city\u2019s residents, we can consider it an extension of the city even though it is not habitable.\u201d We may also add the possibility raised by MA (398:13) that from the status of the stream we can extrapolate to any place that the city residents use. If so, urban highways are a part of the city even if they are very wide, since their purpose is to be used by the city\u2019s residents. This would also be the case with public parks and gardens. R. Michael Bleicher writes along these lines in Te\u0125um Shabbat U-medidato<\/em>, p. 24. (Nevertheless, we see from Rema, cited at the beginning of this note, that the definition of a city is based on physical criteria, not on whether the two sections share a municipality.)<\/p>\n

In practice, since the law is rabbinic, we may be lenient, whether based on the rationale that the city has an eruv<\/em>, or on the rationale that the rectangles drawn around each section overlap. Each rationale is sufficient on its own, and they are even stronger when considered together. Even when distances greater than twelve mil <\/em>are involved, where some Rishonim maintain that a Torah prohibition applies, we may be lenient based on these rationales. However, if there is no great need, it is proper to defer to the stringent opinion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If a highway within a city is more than 64 m wide and bisects the entire city, then the city is viewed as divided in two, and the te\u0125um Shabbat for residents of each of the two sections is calculated separately. This is also the case for a wide-open area such as a park or […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-30"],"yoast_head":"\n10. 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