{"id":9253,"date":"2000-12-04T00:01:22","date_gmt":"2000-12-03T22:01:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/?p=9253"},"modified":"2019-05-15T10:13:13","modified_gmt":"2019-05-15T07:13:13","slug":"12-04-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/en\/12-04-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. Kotzer<\/em>, Dash<\/em>, and So\u1e25et<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"

The melakha<\/em> of Kotzer<\/em> (reaping) involves detaching something from its source of growth. Since this is generally done to meet long-term needs, it is considered melekhet avoda <\/em>and may not be done on Yom Tov as on Shabbat. One may not even pick some fruit to serve at a Yom Tov meal.<\/p>\n

The melakha<\/em> of Dash<\/em> (threshing) involves separating grain kernels from their stalks, or any similar activity such as shelling peas or beans. This melakha<\/em> is generally accomplished using machinery in a field or factory. Since it is generally done in bulk, it is considered melekhet avoda<\/em> and may not be done on Yom Tov, even for Yom Tov needs. However, if the shelling is done by hand, it is impossible to perform this melakha <\/em>in bulk, so it is not deemed melekhet avoda<\/em> and may be done on Yom Tov. Thus, wheat kernels may be separated by hand, and peas and beans may be shelled by hand. No shinui<\/em> is necessary; it may be done whichever way is most convenient.[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

There is a tolada <\/em>of Dash<\/em> called Mefarek<\/em>, which involves extracting one thing from within another thing. This includes squeezing grapes to make wine and squeezing olives to make oil \u2013 that is, extracting a liquid from solid food. Since this melakha<\/em> is usually done for the long term, it is considered melekhet avoda<\/em> and may not be done on Yom Tov as on Shabbat; all the details are the same for Yom Tov as Shabbat. The main rules in brief are as follows. Fruit may not be juiced into liquid form, but a lemon may be squeezed into solid food like salad or onto fish, because the liquid is transferred directly from one solid food (the lemon) into another, and never has an independent status (Peninei Halakha<\/em>: Shabbat<\/em> 12:8). Milking a cow constitutes a violation of this melakha<\/em> (ibid<\/em>. 20:4), and the details of its laws on Yom Tov are the same as those of Shabbat (SA 505:1; see Peninei Halakha<\/em>: Shabbat<\/em> 11:17 and 28:7).[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n
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\n[1]<\/a>. We have seen (in 3:2 above) that the Rishonim disagree about the nature of the prohibition of those melakhot<\/em>, such as Kotzer<\/em> and Dash<\/em>, which are generally done for the long term. Some say that it is rabbinic, while others maintain that it is a Torah prohibition. In any case, on Shabbat, if the separation of food from its husk or shell is done by hand, it is prohibited rabbinically, and if it is done with a shinui <\/em>it is permissible. On Yom Tov, one may separate by hand even without a shinui<\/em> (Beitza<\/em> 12b according to Rif, Rambam, Rosh, and Ramban). Though Rashi and Tosafot<\/em> rule that even on Yom Tov a shinui<\/em> must be used, nevertheless, SA 410:1 rules in accordance with the lenient position. (This is the opinion of most poskim<\/em>; see Peninei Halakha: Shabbat<\/em> 11:17 n. 21 and Har\u1e25avot<\/em>.)<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>. Some permit juicing fruit on Yom Tov with a shinui<\/em> based on two principles: 1) They maintain that the laws of Se\u1e25ita <\/em>are like the laws of To\u1e25en<\/em>. Just as milling spices for home use is permitted (section 2 below), so is squeezing juice. 2) According to about half of the poskim<\/em>, the only squeezing that the Torah prohibits is that of olives or grapes. The prohibition on squeezing any other fruit is rabbinic (Peninei Halakha<\/em>: Shabbat<\/em> ch. 12 n.13). Since a number of Rishonim (and SA) maintain that on Yom Tov the entire prohibition on Mefarek <\/em>is rabbinic (see 3:2 above), we should not prohibit squeezing fruit other than olives and grapes, as that would be a protective fence around a protective fence (\u201cgezeira li-gezeira<\/em>\u201d). Indeed, this is the bottom-line ruling of She\u2019arim Metzuyanim Be-halakha<\/em> 98:7 and Shemesh U-magen<\/em> 2, O\u1e24 30; \u1e24elkat Yaakov<\/em> 2:85 is permissive in pressing circumstances. In contrast, most poskim<\/em> prohibit all juicing: SA 495:2; MA 495:3 following Yam Shel Shlomo<\/em>; \u1e24ayei Adam<\/em> 81:7; MB 495:12; SSK ch. 5 n. 1 in the name of R. Shlomo Zalman Auerbach; Or Le-Tziyon<\/em> 3:19 n. 5; Halikhot Olam<\/em> vol. 4 p. 100. This is because fruit is generally juiced in sufficient quantities to last a long time, and thus it is always prohibited on Yom Tov. In contrast, grinding and separating are regularly done for at-home use, during or slightly before eating, and therefore they are sometimes permitted. See Har\u1e25avot<\/em> to Shabbat<\/em> 12:8:5 on the topic of juicing a lemon for lemonade. Some poskim<\/em> are lenient even on Shabbat, while most are stringent. Accordingly, I follow the stringent position. There would seem to be room to be more lenient on Yom Tov, but in fact all poskim <\/em>who prohibit juicing fruit on Yom Tov prohibit squeezing a lemon as well.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The melakha of Kotzer (reaping) involves detaching something from its source of growth. Since this is generally done to meet long-term needs, it is considered melekhet avoda and may not be done on Yom Tov as on Shabbat. One may not even pick some fruit to serve at a Yom Tov meal. The melakha of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[141],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-12-04"],"yoast_head":"\n01. 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