{"id":1335,"date":"2016-01-11T00:17:36","date_gmt":"2016-01-10T22:17:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=1335"},"modified":"2017-07-20T13:00:16","modified_gmt":"2017-07-20T10:00:16","slug":"01-11-17","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/01-11-17\/","title":{"rendered":"17. Battre les c\u00e9r\u00e9ales (dach<\/em>)\u00a0; d\u00e9monter (m\u00e9fareq<\/em>)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le battage (dach<\/em>) est la m\u00e9lakha <\/em>consistant \u00e0 s\u00e9parer les grains de bl\u00e9 des \u00e9pis. Le mode habituel d\u2019ex\u00e9cution de ce travail veut que l\u2019on s\u2019aide d\u2019un ustensile ou d\u2019un animal (comme nous l\u2019avons vu, \u00a7 1). Certes, si l\u2019on broie des \u00e9pis \u00e0 mains nues afin d\u2019en d\u00e9tacher les grains, on ne transgresse pas en cela d\u2019interdit toranique, puisque ce n\u2019est pas comme cela, mais bien avec un ustensile, que l\u2019on a l\u2019usage de battre le bl\u00e9. Cependant, nos sages ont interdit cela, car en pratique, cet acte revient \u00e0 s\u00e9parer les grains de bl\u00e9 des \u00e9pis. Cet interdit n\u2019a cours que dans le cas o\u00f9 l\u2019on broie les \u00e9pis sans apporter de modification \u00e0 cet acte, tel qu\u2019il serait spontan\u00e9ment ex\u00e9cut\u00e9. En revanche, si l\u2019on souhaite manger des grains de bl\u00e9 humides, on est autoris\u00e9 \u00e0 broyer l\u2019\u00e9pi de fa\u00e7on inhabituelle, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire du bout des doigts, et non avec la paume de la main[21]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ce n\u2019est pas seulement la r\u00e9colte c\u00e9r\u00e9ali\u00e8re qu\u2019il est interdit de battre\u00a0: quiconque ex\u00e9cute un travail de s\u00e9paration d\u2019un comestible du si\u00e8ge de sa pousse<\/em> transgresse l\u2019interdit de dach<\/em>. Il est ainsi interdit d\u2019extraire de leurs gousses des l\u00e9gumineuses, telles que des pois ou des haricots. Si l\u2019on fait cela \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont on \u00e9cosse des l\u00e9gumineuses en nombre, comme on le fait de quantit\u00e9s commerciales, on transgresse un interdit toranique. Si on le fait \u00e0 la main, on transgresse un interdit rabbinique. Il est toutefois permis de le faire \u00e0 la main en introduisant un changement. Si les gousses sont tendres et propres elles-m\u00eames \u00e0 \u00eatre consomm\u00e9es, il est permis d\u2019en extraire les graines sans changement, car l\u2019interdit de battre ne s\u2019applique que lorsque la capsule est impropre \u00e0 la consommation (Michna Beroura<\/em> 319, 21).<\/p>\n

La m\u00e9lakha <\/em>du battage poss\u00e8de un d\u00e9riv\u00e9 (tolada<\/em>) appel\u00e9 m\u00e9fareq <\/em>(\u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9monter\u00a0\u00bb), qui consiste \u00e0 extraire une chose d\u2019une autre. Cette tolada<\/em> est, elle aussi, interdite par la Torah. Au titre de cette cat\u00e9gorie, il est interdit de presser des raisins ou des olives (comme nous le verrons plus loin, chap. 12 \u00a7 8)\u00a0; de m\u00eame, il est interdit de traire une b\u00eate (cf. infra chap. 20 \u00a7 4). Dans le m\u00eame sens, lorsqu\u2019on souhaite obtenir le liquide retenu dans un linge, il est interdit d\u2019essorer ce linge. Simplement, les Richonim discutent du degr\u00e9 d\u2019interdit frappant l\u2019essorage du linge. Selon Ma\u00efmonide et Na\u2019hmanide, si l\u2019on essore un linge parce que l\u2019on a besoin du liquide \u00e9coul\u00e9, on transgresse un interdit rabbinique\u00a0; selon Rabb\u00e9nou Tam et le Roch, c\u2019est un interdit de la Torah que l\u2019on transgresse (cf. Har\u2019havot<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Il est permis \u00e0 une femme d\u2019allaiter son b\u00e9b\u00e9, mais il est toraniquement interdit de verser le lait dans un r\u00e9cipient, car cela reviendrait \u00e0 accomplir la tolada<\/em> appel\u00e9e m\u00e9fareq<\/em> (Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 328, 34-35). Quand une femme souffre de l\u2019accumulation de son lait, elle est autoris\u00e9e \u00e0 le tirer pour le jeter, par exemple en le tirant au-dessus d\u2019un lavabo ou sur un r\u00e9cipient contenant une mati\u00e8re propre \u00e0 d\u00e9naturer le lait (d\u00e9tergent, par exemple), car, lorsque le lait est perdu, l\u2019interdit est seulement rabbinique, or les rabbins eux-m\u00eames sont indulgents dans un cas de douleur (Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 330, 8). On peut, \u00e0 cette fin, brancher un tire-lait \u00e9lectrique sur une minuterie de Chabbat, et utiliser le tire-lait au moment o\u00f9 il fonctionne (cf. ci-apr\u00e8s chap. 28 \u00a7 7).<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[21]<\/a>. Selon le Rif, Ma\u00efmonide, le Roch et Na\u2019hmanide, quand le trait\u00e9 Beitsa<\/em> 13b autorise \u00e0 broyer du bl\u00e9 \u00e0 la main, en apportant un changement \u00e0 cet acte, c\u2019est du Chabbat qu\u2019il est question, tandis que, les jours de f\u00eate (yom tov<\/em>), il est permis de broyer ce bl\u00e9 \u00e0 la main sans changement. Selon Rachi et Tossephot<\/em>, l\u2019autorisation de broyer \u00e0 la main, en imprimant \u00e0 l\u2019acte un changement, n\u2019est donn\u00e9e que les jours de f\u00eate, tandis que le Chabbat, cela reste rabbiniquement interdit, m\u00eame si l\u2019on assortit l\u2019acte d\u2019un changement. La halakha suit l\u2019opinion indulgente, car telle est l\u2019opinion de la majorit\u00e9 des d\u00e9cisionnaires\u00a0; de plus, en cas de doute portant sur une r\u00e8gle rabbinique, on est indulgent. C\u2019est en ce sens que tranche le Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 319, 6. Cf. Rama 510, 1.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le battage (dach) est la m\u00e9lakha consistant \u00e0 s\u00e9parer les grains de bl\u00e9 des \u00e9pis. Le mode habituel d\u2019ex\u00e9cution de ce travail veut que l\u2019on s\u2019aide d\u2019un ustensile ou d\u2019un animal (comme nous l\u2019avons vu, \u00a7 1). Certes, si l\u2019on broie des \u00e9pis \u00e0 mains nues afin d\u2019en d\u00e9tacher les grains, on ne transgresse pas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1335","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-11"],"yoast_head":"\n17. 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