{"id":1444,"date":"2016-01-16T00:01:06","date_gmt":"2016-01-15T22:01:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=1444"},"modified":"2017-07-23T12:00:44","modified_gmt":"2017-07-23T09:00:44","slug":"01-16-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/01-16-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. Allumer un feu (<em>mav\u2019ir<\/em>)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>La Torah dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Le septi\u00e8me jour est le Chabbat de l\u2019Eternel ton Dieu. Tu ne feras aucun ouvrage\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 20, 10). Nos sages expliquent que l\u2019intention de la Torah est ici d\u2019interdire, pendant le Chabbat, l\u2019ensemble des trente-neuf types d\u2019ouvrages que l\u2019on ex\u00e9cutait pour les besoins de la construction du Tabernacle. Or, bien que le travail consistant \u00e0 allumer un feu fasse partie de cet ensemble de trente-neuf travaux \u2013 puisque l\u2019on allumait un feu pour pr\u00e9parer les couleurs destin\u00e9es \u00e0 la coloration des tentures du Tabernacle \u2013, la Torah mentionne par ailleurs, explicitement, la <em>m\u00e9lakha<\/em><sup><a href='#_te01ftn16_a' id='_te01ftnref16_a' class='aup1'>[a]<\/a><\/sup> de l\u2019allumage (<em>mav\u2019ir<\/em>), comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Vous n\u2019allumerez pas de feu, dans toutes vos demeures, le jour de Chabbat\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 35, 3). Nos sages demandent en vertu de quoi il \u00e9tait n\u00e9cessaire de mentionner sp\u00e9cifiquement la <em>m\u00e9lakha<\/em> d\u2019allumer. Rabbi Nathan explique que la Torah a voulu mentionner de fa\u00e7on particuli\u00e8re une <em>m\u00e9lakha<\/em> \u00e0 titre d\u2019exemple, afin de nous apprendre que, bien que les trente-neuf travaux interdits le Chabbat nous soient enseign\u00e9s \u00e0 partir d\u2019un seul verset (\u00ab\u00a0Tu ne feras aucun travail\u00a0\u00bb), chaque <em>m\u00e9lakha<\/em> est n\u00e9anmoins regard\u00e9e comme constituant un interdit en elle-m\u00eame. Par cons\u00e9quent, celui qui, par erreur, ex\u00e9cuterait plusieurs travaux, serait redevable d\u2019un sacrifice expiatoire (<em>\u2018hatat<\/em>) pour <em>chacun <\/em>d\u2019entre eux (<em>Chabbat<\/em> 70a).<\/p>\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la puissance consid\u00e9rable que poss\u00e8de le feu, l\u2019homme peut ma\u00eetriser certaines forces de la nature et les mettre \u00e0 son service. Par le feu, l\u2019homme cr\u00e9a les ustensiles de fer, am\u00e9liora son alimentation\u00a0; par la suite, il cr\u00e9a de puissantes machines. C\u2019est peut-\u00eatre pour cela que la <em>m\u00e9lakha<\/em> consistant \u00e0 faire du feu a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie, parmi tous les travaux, comme exemple, exprimant la prodigieuse capacit\u00e9 de l\u2019homme \u00e0 \u0153uvrer au perfectionnement du monde. Le Chabbat, cependant, tout Juif doit se reposer et se hisser au-del\u00e0 de toutes les activit\u00e9s cr\u00e9atives, se souvenir de son Cr\u00e9ateur, qui l\u2019a fait sortir d\u2019Egypte, et se d\u00e9lecter du Chabbat par l\u2019\u00e9tude de la Torah et par les repas sabbatiques.<\/p>\n<p>De prime abord, il y a lieu de s\u2019interroger sur la nature m\u00eame de la <em>m\u00e9lakha<\/em> d\u2019allumer. Nous avons en effet pour principe\u00a0que \u00ab\u00a0tous ceux qui <em>ab\u00eement<\/em> sont quittes<sup><a href='#_te01ftn16_b' id='_te01ftnref16_b' class='aup1'>[b]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u00bb (<em>Chabbat <\/em>105b), si bien que, lorsqu\u2019un homme d\u00e9chire un v\u00eatement ou casse un objet par erreur<sup><a href='#_te01ftn16_c' id='_te01ftnref16_c' class='aup1'>[c]<\/a><\/sup>, il est quitte de tout sacrifice expiatoire. Certes, celui qui commet une telle d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration enfreint un interdit rabbinique\u00a0; mais il n\u2019enfreint pas d\u2019interdit toranique. Cela \u00e9tant pos\u00e9, nous devons nous demander pourquoi celui qui allume un feu, le Chabbat, transgresse un interdit de la Torah, alors que dans toute combustion, la mati\u00e8re combustible, pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, se d\u00e9t\u00e9riore. La r\u00e9ponse est que, tant que la jouissance engendr\u00e9e par le feu \u2013 en r\u00e9chauffant ma maison, en allumant ma bougie ou par quelque autre avantage \u2013 importe davantage que la perte de la mati\u00e8re combustible, la <em>m\u00e9lakha <\/em>doit \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme cr\u00e9atrice, et non destructrice (Ma\u00efmonide, <em>Chabbat<\/em> 12, 1\u00a0; cf. <em>Kessef Michn\u00e9<\/em>).<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<a href='#_te01ftnref16_a' id='_te01ftn16_a'>[a]<\/a>. \u00a0<em>M\u00e9lakha<\/em>, plur. <em>m\u00e9lakhot\u00a0<\/em>: ouvrage, travail interdit le Chabbat. Cf. volume 1, chap. 9 \u00a7 1-2.<\/p>\n<p><a href='#_te01ftnref16_b' id='_te01ftn16_b'>[b]<\/a>. \u00a0Si l\u2019on accomplit une <em>m\u00e9lakha<\/em>, le Chabbat, dans la seule intention d\u2019<em>ab\u00eemer<\/em>, et non pour les besoins d\u2019une activit\u00e9 cr\u00e9atrice, on est quitte de toute sanction.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href='#_te01ftnref16_c' id='_te01ftn16_c'>[c]<\/a>. \u00a0<em>Be-chogueg<\/em>\u00a0: par m\u00e9garde. Cas dans lequel on accomplit une <em>m\u00e9lakha <\/em>parce que l\u2019on ignorait qu\u2019elle f\u00fbt interdite le Chabbat, ou encore parce que l\u2019on avait oubli\u00e9 que c\u2019\u00e9tait Chabbat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La Torah dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Le septi\u00e8me jour est le Chabbat de l\u2019Eternel ton Dieu. Tu ne feras aucun ouvrage\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 20, 10). Nos sages expliquent que l\u2019intention de la Torah est ici d\u2019interdire, pendant le Chabbat, l\u2019ensemble des trente-neuf types d\u2019ouvrages que l\u2019on ex\u00e9cutait pour les besoins de la construction du Tabernacle. Or, bien que le [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-16"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>01. 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