{"id":1679,"date":"2016-01-24T00:02:47","date_gmt":"2016-01-23T22:02:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=1679"},"modified":"2017-07-25T09:56:26","modified_gmt":"2017-07-25T06:56:26","slug":"01-24-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/01-24-02\/","title":{"rendered":"02. <strong>L\u2019\u00e9ducation aux mitsvot \u00ab\u00a0n\u00e9gatives\u00a0\u00bb (<em>mitsvot lo ta\u2019ass\u00e9<\/em>)<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>C\u2019est une mitsva que d\u2019habituer l\u2019enfant \u00e0 s\u2019abstenir des interdits, d\u00e8s qu\u2019il commence \u00e0 comprendre qu\u2019il y a des choses permises et des choses interdites. Il ne suffit pas qu\u2019il comprenne qu\u2019il doit s\u2019arr\u00eater de faire ce qu\u2019il fait lorsqu\u2019on lui dit \u00ab\u00a0non\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; il faut encore qu\u2019il comprenne que telle chose est interdite de fa\u00e7on permanente. La plupart des petits enfants commencent \u00e0 comprendre cela vers l\u2019\u00e2ge de trois ans\u00a0; \u00e0 partir de ce moment, si l\u2019on voit que l\u2019enfant fait une chose interdite, par exemple s\u2019il mange de la viande non cach\u00e8re, ou un m\u00e9lange de viande et de lait, ou s\u2019il allume la lumi\u00e8re pendant Chabbat, on doit l\u2019en d\u00e9tourner (<em>Michna Beroura<\/em> 343, 3). Puis, quand il parvient \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de l\u2019\u00e9ducation, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge o\u00f9 l\u2019on commence \u00e0 lui enseigner la Torah (\u00e0 six ou sept ans), on commence \u00e9galement \u00e0 lui expliquer plus \u00e0 fond les principes des interdits, afin qu\u2019il puisse les observer conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la halakha.<\/p>\n<p>Si l\u2019enfant n\u2019est pas encore \u00e2g\u00e9 de trois ans, il n\u2019est pas obligatoire de commencer \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9duquer \u00e0 s\u2019abstenir des interdits. Si donc l\u2019enfant trouve des aliments interdits et veut les manger, il n\u2019est pas obligatoire de l\u2019en emp\u00eacher\u00a0; s\u2019il veut allumer la lumi\u00e8re ou l\u2019\u00e9teindre pendant Chabbat, ou qu\u2019un enfant Cohen (pr\u00eatre) entre dans un lieu rituellement impur, il n\u2019est pas non plus obligatoire de l\u2019en emp\u00eacher, puisqu\u2019il ne comprend pas l\u2019interdit.<\/p>\n<p>Toute cette indulgence ne vaut que lorsque le petit enfant accomplit l\u2019interdit de lui-m\u00eame\u00a0; mais si l\u2019adulte le fait tr\u00e9bucher en lui faisant commettre des interdits, m\u00eame s\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019un nouveau-n\u00e9, l\u2019adulte transgresse un interdit de la Torah. En effet, la Torah ordonne de ne point faire commettre d\u2019interdits aux enfants\u00a0; par exemple, de ne point leur faire manger d\u2019insectes ni de sang, ni de rendre impur un petit Cohen (<em>Yevamot <\/em>114a, <em>Michna Beroura<\/em> 343, 4). S\u2019agissant m\u00eame d\u2019aliments interdits rabbiniquement, il est interdit \u00e0 l\u2019adulte d\u2019en nourrir l\u2019enfant (<em>Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 343, 1).<\/p>\n<p>En revanche, il n\u2019est pas interdit de donner au petit enfant une chose dont il pourrait <em>peut-\u00eatre<\/em> faire un usage interdit\u00a0: par exemple de lui donner du papier pendant Chabbat, bien qu\u2019il soit fort possible qu\u2019il le d\u00e9chire ou qu\u2019il en efface des lettres. En effet, lui mettre du papier en main n\u2019est pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un ordre de le d\u00e9chirer\u00a0; tandis que mettre un aliment non cach\u00e8re entre les mains d\u2019un petit enfant est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le fait de le nourrir directement, puisque telle est la mani\u00e8re de nourrir un petit (<em>Maguen Avraham<\/em>, <em>Michna Beroura<\/em> 340, 14).<\/p>\n<p>S\u2019agissant des travaux interdits le Chabbat, il y a un motif suppl\u00e9mentaire d\u2019interdit\u00a0: la Torah nous ordonne de ne pas r\u00e9aliser de travail par le biais des enfants, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Mais le septi\u00e8me jour est le Chabbat en l\u2019honneur de l\u2019Eternel ton Dieu. Tu ne feras aucun travail, toi, ni ton fils, ni ta fille\u2026\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 20, 10). Par cons\u00e9quent, quand un enfant allume la lumi\u00e8re parce qu\u2019il pense que ses parents le veulent, et que les parents, le sachant, ne s\u2019y opposent pas, les parents transgressent l\u2019interdit toranique d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter un travail par le biais de son enfant, en plus de ne pas accomplir la mitsva d\u2019\u00e9ducation, qui a rang rabbinique. Si l\u2019enfant allume la lumi\u00e8re pour un autre Juif, qui, bien qu\u2019il ait compris l\u2019intention de l\u2019enfant, ne s\u2019oppose pas \u00e0 cette transgression, l\u2019adulte Juif transgresse un interdit rabbinique (<em>Cha\u2019ar Hatsioun<\/em> 334, 54).<\/p>\n<p>Nous l\u2019avons vu, il est interdit \u00e0 un adulte de nourrir un enfant d\u2019aliments non cach\u00e8res. Mais si un enfant a faim ou soif avant le Qidouch ou la Havdala, ou encore un jour de je\u00fbne, il est permis de lui donner \u00e0 manger et \u00e0 boire, m\u00eame s\u2019il est d\u00e9j\u00e0 parvenu \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de l\u2019\u00e9ducation. Car l\u2019interdit ne porte que sur le fait de donner \u00e0 l\u2019enfant des aliments qui, intrins\u00e8quement, sont non cach\u00e8res\u00a0; mais si, en eux-m\u00eames, les aliments sont cach\u00e8res, et que seul le moment ne convienne pas \u00e0 la consommation, il est permis, lorsque l\u2019enfant a faim ou soif, de lui donner \u00e0 manger ou \u00e0 boire (<em>Michna Beroura<\/em> 269, 1\u00a0; cf. ci-dessus 6, 9).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u2019est une mitsva que d\u2019habituer l\u2019enfant \u00e0 s\u2019abstenir des interdits, d\u00e8s qu\u2019il commence \u00e0 comprendre qu\u2019il y a des choses permises et des choses interdites. Il ne suffit pas qu\u2019il comprenne qu\u2019il doit s\u2019arr\u00eater de faire ce qu\u2019il fait lorsqu\u2019on lui dit \u00ab\u00a0non\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; il faut encore qu\u2019il comprenne que telle chose est interdite de fa\u00e7on [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1679","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-24"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>02. 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