{"id":1917,"date":"2016-05-01T00:01:08","date_gmt":"2016-04-30T21:01:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=1917"},"modified":"2018-03-15T11:38:52","modified_gmt":"2018-03-15T09:38:52","slug":"05-01-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/05-01-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. Le mois h\u00e9bra\u00efque"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Le Saint b\u00e9ni soit-Il a cr\u00e9\u00e9 des corps lumineux, le soleil, la lune, et les a plac\u00e9s dans la vo\u00fbte c\u00e9leste. C\u2019est d\u2019apr\u00e8s ces corps c\u00e9lestes que sont fix\u00e9es les lois gouvernant l\u2019\u00e9coulement des temps. Le jour, c\u2019est le soleil qui \u00e9claire la terre, et la lune la nuit. L\u2019ann\u00e9e est fix\u00e9e suivant la r\u00e9volution solaire, le mois suivant le cycle lunaire\u00a0; comme il est \u00e9crit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Dieu dit\u00a0: \u201cQue des corps lumineux apparaissent dans l\u2019\u00e9tendue des cieux, pour distinguer entre le jour et la nuit\u00a0; ils serviront de signes pour les saisons, pour les jours et les ann\u00e9es\u201d\u00a0\u00bb (Gn 1, 14).<\/p>\n<p>Chaque mois, la lune fait un tour complet autour de la terre. Ce cycle peut \u00eatre observ\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9volution de la forme de la lune. Au d\u00e9but du mois, elle nous para\u00eet tr\u00e8s petite, comme une fine ligne, puis elle va en grandissant jusqu\u2019au milieu du mois\u00a0: alors, elle appara\u00eet dans sa pl\u00e9nitude, un disque complet. Dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du mois, elle va en d\u00e9croissant, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 dispara\u00eetre enti\u00e8rement \u00e0 notre regard, \u00e0 la fin du mois, pour environ vingt-quatre heures. Apr\u00e8s cela, elle r\u00e9appara\u00eet comme une fine ligne\u00a0: signe que d\u00e9bute le mois nouveau.<\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9volution compl\u00e8te de la lune dure vingt-neuf jours et demi, plus environ trois quarts d\u2019heure<sup><a href='#_te01ftn1_1' id='_te01ftnref1_1' class='aup1'>[1]<\/a><\/sup>. Et puisque le cycle lunaire ne concorde pas avec celui des journ\u00e9es, mais \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 vingt-neuf jours et demi, il arrive que le mois h\u00e9bra\u00efque dure vingt-neuf jours, et d\u2019autres fois trente jours. Lorsque le mois dure vingt-neuf jours, il est appel\u00e9 <em>mois d\u00e9fectif<\/em> (<em>\u2018hodech \u2018hasser<\/em>)\u00a0; lorsqu\u2019il dure trente jours, il est appel\u00e9 <em>mois plein <\/em>(<em>\u2018hodech mal\u00e9<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>La fixation des mois est dot\u00e9e d\u2019une importance capitale, car toutes nos f\u00eates, \u00e9tablies \u00e0 date fixe \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du mois, en d\u00e9pendent\u00a0: la f\u00eate de Pessa\u2019h a lieu le 15 nissan, Kipour le 10 tichri, Soukot le 15 tichri\u2026 La fixation des mois importe tant que la Torah a permis aux t\u00e9moins ayant observ\u00e9 la croissance de la lune de profaner le Chabbat afin de se rendre \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem, pour t\u00e9moigner de cela devant le <em>beit-din<\/em><sup><a href='#_te01ftn1_a' id='_te01ftnref1_a' class='aup1'>[a]<\/a><\/sup> (Ma\u00efmonide, <em>Qidouch ha\u2019hodech<\/em> 3, 2). Sur la base de leur t\u00e9moignage, le <em>beit-din<\/em> proclamait le mois\u00a0; apr\u00e8s quoi, des \u00e9missaires \u00e9taient d\u00e9p\u00each\u00e9s par le <em>beit-din<\/em> pour faire conna\u00eetre \u00e0 tout Isra\u00ebl \u00e0 quel moment le nouveau mois avait \u00e9t\u00e9 fix\u00e9.<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<a href='#_te01ftnref1_1' id='_te01ftn1_1'>[1]<\/a>. La dur\u00e9e exacte du cycle lunaire est de vingt-neuf jours, douze heures, et sept cent quatre-vingt-treize sur mille quatre-vingts parts horaires (793\/1080 h). La partition de l\u2019heure en mille quatre-vingts parts est destin\u00e9e \u00e0 faciliter l\u2019\u00e9valuation de comptes complexes. Tout cela est expliqu\u00e9 par Ma\u00efmonide, <em>Qidouch ha\u2019hodech<\/em> 6, 1-3.<\/p>\n<p><a href='#_te01ftnref1_a' id='_te01ftn1_a'>[a]<\/a>. Tribunal rabbinique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Saint b\u00e9ni soit-Il a cr\u00e9\u00e9 des corps lumineux, le soleil, la lune, et les a plac\u00e9s dans la vo\u00fbte c\u00e9leste. C\u2019est d\u2019apr\u00e8s ces corps c\u00e9lestes que sont fix\u00e9es les lois gouvernant l\u2019\u00e9coulement des temps. Le jour, c\u2019est le soleil qui \u00e9claire la terre, et la lune la nuit. L\u2019ann\u00e9e est fix\u00e9e suivant la r\u00e9volution [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[113],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-05-01"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>01. 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