{"id":243,"date":"2016-01-01T00:14:33","date_gmt":"2015-12-31T22:14:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=243"},"modified":"2017-07-18T12:09:30","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T09:09:30","slug":"01-01-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/01-01-14\/","title":{"rendered":"14. Gravit\u00e9 de la profanation du Chabbat"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la valeur immense du Chabbat, nous pouvons comprendre la gravit\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re de sa\u00a0 profanation (<em>\u2018hiloul Chabbat<\/em>), que la Torah punit de la sanction la plus grave\u00a0: pour celui qui a profan\u00e9 le Chabbat intentionnellement (<em>m\u00e9zid<\/em>), et en pr\u00e9sence de t\u00e9moins (<em>\u2018edim<\/em>) qui lui ont pr\u00e9alablement adress\u00e9 une mise en garde (<em>hatraa<\/em>), la mort par lapidation\u00a0(<em>seqila<\/em>)\u00a0; pour le profanateur intentionnel sans t\u00e9moins, la peine de retranchement (<em>karet<\/em>), comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Vous garderez le Chabbat, car il est saint pour vous, celui qui le profane mourra, car toute personne qui y fait un ouvrage sera retranch\u00e9e du sein de son peuple\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 31, 14). Certes, en pratique, on n\u2019a presque jamais ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 la peine de mort\u00a0: il \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s rare que toutes les conditions justifiant cette peine fussent r\u00e9unies chez un m\u00eame homme. C\u2019est pourquoi nos sages enseignent qu\u2019un Sanh\u00e9drin<sup><a href='#_te01ftn1_9' id='_te01ftnref1_9' class='aup1'>[9]<\/a><\/sup> qui ferait ex\u00e9cuter un homme tous les sept ans serait consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un tribunal sanguinaire\u00a0; selon Rabbi El\u00e9azar fils d\u2019Azarya, m\u00eame s\u2019il faisait ex\u00e9cuter un homme tous les soixante-dix ans, il serait consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme sanguinaire (<em>Makot<\/em> chap. 1, michna 10).<\/p>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 cela, c\u2019est un fait que l\u2019un des deux seuls cas, mentionn\u00e9s par la Torah, dans lesquels on fit ex\u00e9cuter un homme est li\u00e9 \u00e0 la profanation publique du Chabbat. Comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Les enfants d\u2019Isra\u00ebl \u00e9taient dans le d\u00e9sert. Or ils trouv\u00e8rent un homme qui ramassait du bois le jour de Chabbat. Ceux qui l\u2019avaient trouv\u00e9 ramassant du bois le firent approcher de Mo\u00efse, d\u2019Aaron et de toute l\u2019assembl\u00e9e. On le pla\u00e7a sous garde, car ce que l\u2019on devait lui faire n\u2019avait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 expliqu\u00e9. L\u2019Eternel dit \u00e0 Mo\u00efse\u00a0: \u201cIl mourra, l\u2019homme\u00a0; que toute l\u2019assembl\u00e9e le lapide en dehors du camp.\u201d Toute l\u2019assembl\u00e9e le fit sortir hors du camp, et on le lapida, et il mourut, comme l\u2019Eternel l\u2019avait ordonn\u00e9 \u00e0 Mo\u00efse\u00a0\u00bb (Nb 15, 32-36). \u00c0 ce qu\u2019il semble, la Torah veut nous apprendre, par ce r\u00e9cit, combien grave est le dommage caus\u00e9 aux valeurs de la foi et de la nation par celui qui profane le Chabbat en public.<\/p>\n<p>Ce r\u00e9cit reste pourtant difficile \u00e0 comprendre. Comment se peut-il que l\u2019homme qui ramassait du bois ait os\u00e9 profaner le Chabbat publiquement\u00a0? Une explication est donn\u00e9e par nos sages : apr\u00e8s la faute des explorateurs et le d\u00e9cret qui fut \u00e9dict\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration du d\u00e9sert \u2013 pr\u00e9voyant que cette g\u00e9n\u00e9ration n\u2019entrerait pas en terre d\u2019Isra\u00ebl \u2013, certains pensaient qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait plus obligatoire d\u2019appliquer les commandements de la Torah. C\u2019est pourquoi le ramasseur de bois voulut faire savoir aux yeux de tous qu\u2019il fallait continuer d\u2019observer les commandements. Anim\u00e9 d\u2019une ardeur religieuse particuli\u00e8re, il d\u00e9cida de profaner le Chabbat publiquement, afin que l\u2019on f\u00fbt oblig\u00e9 de le mettre \u00e0 mort, et qu\u2019ainsi tout le peuple v\u00eet combien la chose \u00e9tait grave (ce midrach est cit\u00e9 par <em>Tossephot<\/em> sur <em>Baba Batra<\/em> 119b). Certains affirment que le ramasseur de bois \u00e9tait Tselof\u2019had, qui m\u00e9rita que ses filles ch\u00e9rissent la terre d\u2019Isra\u00ebl et pussent en h\u00e9riter.<\/p>\n<p>Concernant encore la gravit\u00e9 de la profanation du Chabbat, le <em>Zohar <\/em>(II 151a) enseigne que, au moment o\u00f9 le jour de Chabbat est sanctifi\u00e9, le feu de la g\u00e9henne (<em>guehinom<\/em>) s\u2019\u00e9carte des m\u00e9chants, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de ceux qui n\u2019avaient jamais observ\u00e9 le Chabbat, et qui sont \u00e9galement punis pendant ce jour. Cependant, quiconque s\u2019est repenti, et \u00e0 plus forte raison celui qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 puni pour sa faute, comme le ramasseur de bois, est pardonn\u00e9, et n\u2019encourt pas de punition pour elle dans la g\u00e9henne.<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<a href='#_te01ftnref1_9' id='_te01ftn1_9'>[9]<\/a>. \u00a0La juridiction supr\u00eame, qui si\u00e9geait \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque du Temple.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la valeur immense du Chabbat, nous pouvons comprendre la gravit\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re de sa\u00a0 profanation (\u2018hiloul Chabbat), que la Torah punit de la sanction la plus grave\u00a0: pour celui qui a profan\u00e9 le Chabbat intentionnellement (m\u00e9zid), et en pr\u00e9sence de t\u00e9moins (\u2018edim) qui lui ont pr\u00e9alablement adress\u00e9 une mise en garde (hatraa), la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-01"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>14. 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