{"id":2483,"date":"2000-03-05T00:02:51","date_gmt":"2000-03-04T22:02:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=2483"},"modified":"2017-11-07T11:58:22","modified_gmt":"2017-11-07T09:58:22","slug":"03-05-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/03-05-02\/","title":{"rendered":"02. Roua\u2019h ra\u2019a<\/em>, l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

Outre les \u00e9l\u00e9ments que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9s concernant la signification de n\u00e9tilat yada\u00efm<\/em>, nos sages disent, dans le Talmud (Chabbat<\/em> 108b), qu\u2019il faut prendre soin, avant l\u2019ablution matinale des mains, de ne pas se toucher la bouche, le nez, les yeux ou les oreilles, car un esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9<\/em> (roua\u2019h ra\u2019a<\/em>, litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab\u00a0esprit mauvais\u00a0\u00bb) r\u00e9side sur les mains par l\u2019effet du sommeil, et cet esprit est susceptible d\u2019endommager ces diff\u00e9rents organes. Ce n\u2019est que lorsqu\u2019on se lave chaque main trois fois, en faisant alterner la droite et la gauche, que cet esprit impur se d\u00e9tache des mains\u00a0; il n\u2019y a d\u00e8s lors plus de danger \u00e0 toucher les orifices de son corps[a]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Bien que la raison essentielle de l\u2019ablution soit de se pr\u00e9parer et de se sanctifier \u00e0 l\u2019approche de la pri\u00e8re de Cha\u2019harit et du service du jour nouveau \u2013 et c\u2019est bien \u00e0 ce propos que les sages ont institu\u00e9 la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction \u2018A<\/em>l n\u00e9tilat yada\u00efm<\/em>\u00a0\u2013, nous craignons n\u00e9anmoins aussi l\u2019effet de cet esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9. Aussi, nous avons \u00e0 c\u0153ur de verser de l\u2019eau trois fois alternativement sur chaque main. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que nous versons d\u2019abord l\u2019eau sur la main droite, puis sur la gauche, puis de nouveau sur la main droite suivie de la gauche, et encore une fois sur la droite suivie de la gauche\u00a0; si bien que l\u2019on a finalement lav\u00e9 chaque main trois fois, en alternant droite et gauche. C\u2019est pourquoi il faut avoir soin de ne pas toucher, avant l\u2019ablution matinale, les organes qui pr\u00e9sentent une ouverture vers l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du corps, tels que bouche, nez, oreilles et yeux (Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em>, Ora\u2019h \u2018Ha\u00efm<\/em> 4, 3-4\u00a0; Michna Beroura<\/em> 13). De m\u00eame faut-il se garder de toucher \u00e0 de la nourriture ou \u00e0 des boissons avant l\u2019ablution (Michna Beroura<\/em> 4, 14).<\/p>\n

Le sens de cette notion d\u2019\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0esprit mauvais\u00a0\u00bb est expliqu\u00e9 par la Kabbale (cf. Zohar <\/em>I 184, 2)\u00a0: la nuit, lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019endort et reste inerte, sans pens\u00e9e consciente ni action dirig\u00e9e, chacun exp\u00e9rimente le go\u00fbt de la mort\u00a0; alors r\u00e9side sur l\u2019homme un souffle d\u2019impuret\u00e9. C\u2019est ce dont parlent les sages, lorsqu\u2019ils disent du sommeil qu\u2019il est comparable \u00e0 un soixanti\u00e8me de la mort (Berakhot<\/em> 57b). La grandeur essentielle de l\u2019homme est sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 penser, sentir, \u0153uvrer en vue de la r\u00e9paration du monde (tiqoun<\/em>). Durant le sommeil, lorsque la conscience est abolie et l\u2019action suspendue, l\u2019homme perd, dans une certaine mesure, sa ressemblance divine\u00a0; d\u00e8s lors, le souffle de l\u2019impuret\u00e9 r\u00e9side sur lui. Lorsqu\u2019il se r\u00e9veille et que sa conscience lui revient, l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 se retire de tout son corps, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de son extr\u00e9mit\u00e9, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de ses mains, o\u00f9 subsiste cet esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9. Par l\u2019effet de l\u2019ablution des mains, r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e trois fois alternativement, l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 se retire \u00e9galement de celles-ci. Et pour le supprimer enti\u00e8rement, il faut, durant tout le rite de l\u2019ablution, que la main droite pr\u00e9c\u00e8de la gauche, car le c\u00f4t\u00e9 droit fait allusion \u00e0 l\u2019attribut de mis\u00e9ricorde (\u2018hessed<\/em>). C\u2019est la raison pour laquelle on prend d\u2019abord l\u2019ustensile rempli d\u2019eau de la main droite et, afin de laver en premier lieu la main droite, on transmet l\u2019ustensile \u00e0 la main gauche\u00a0; de cette fa\u00e7on, on verse prioritairement l\u2019eau sur la main droite, puis sur la gauche, et ainsi de suite jusqu\u2019au compte de trois fois chaque main (cf. Kaf Ha\u2019ha\u00efm<\/em> 4, 12).<\/p>\n

Certains auteurs expliquent que le dommage essentiel caus\u00e9 par cet esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 vise les forces spirituelles qui sont en l\u2019homme\u00a0: si l\u2019on se touche l\u2019\u0153il ou l\u2019oreille avant de se laver les mains, la facult\u00e9 de vision ou d\u2019audition int\u00e9rieure s\u2019en trouve atteinte, et l\u2019on sera ce jour-l\u00e0 comme malvoyant ou malentendant\u00a0 dans le domaine de la Torah et de la foi. De m\u00eame, si l\u2019on se touche la bouche ou les narines, on ab\u00eemera la facult\u00e9 spirituelle du go\u00fbt ou de l\u2019olfaction (Kaf Ha\u2019ha\u00efm<\/em> 4, 19, d\u2019apr\u00e8s Solet B\u00e9loula<\/em>).<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[a]<\/a>. Pour r\u00e9pondre aux deux premiers motifs de l\u2019ablution matinale (pr\u00e9paration \u00e0 la pri\u00e8re et pr\u00e9paration au service du jour nouveau), il suffirait de verser l\u2019eau trois fois sur la main droite, puis trois fois sur la gauche. Mais pour r\u00e9pondre au troisi\u00e8me motif (se d\u00e9faire de l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9), il faut que cette ablution soit altern\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Outre les \u00e9l\u00e9ments que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9s concernant la signification de n\u00e9tilat yada\u00efm, nos sages disent, dans le Talmud (Chabbat 108b), qu\u2019il faut prendre soin, avant l\u2019ablution matinale des mains, de ne pas se toucher la bouche, le nez, les yeux ou les oreilles, car un esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 (roua\u2019h ra\u2019a, litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab\u00a0esprit mauvais\u00a0\u00bb) r\u00e9side […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[143],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-03-05"],"yoast_head":"\n02. 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