{"id":2485,"date":"2000-03-05T00:03:32","date_gmt":"2000-03-04T22:03:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=2485"},"modified":"2017-11-07T11:56:04","modified_gmt":"2017-11-07T09:56:04","slug":"03-05-03","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/03-05-03\/","title":{"rendered":"03. L\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 \u00e0 notre \u00e9poque"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>D\u2019apr\u00e8s le <em>Zohar <\/em>et les kabbalistes, il y a lieu de se laver les mains au saut du lit, afin de ne pas laisser plus longtemps sur ses mains l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9. De m\u00eame recommandent-ils de ne pas marcher plus de quatre coud\u00e9es (<em>amot<\/em>) (environ deux m\u00e8tres) avant de s\u2019\u00eatre lav\u00e9 les mains le matin. Aussi faut-il pr\u00e9parer de l\u2019eau avant de se coucher et la d\u00e9poser pr\u00e8s de son lit, afin que, d\u00e8s le lever, on puisse se laver les mains (<em>Chaar\u00e9 T\u00e9chouva<\/em> 1, 2). D\u2019autres sont indulgents en la mati\u00e8re car, selon eux, toute la surface de la maison est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un ensemble unitaire de \u00ab\u00a0quatre coud\u00e9es<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb. D\u2019apr\u00e8s cela, tant que l\u2019on ne parcourt pas, hors de chez soi, une distance de plus de quatre coud\u00e9es, on ne consid\u00e8re pas qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une marche de quatre coud\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l\u2019ablution (responsa <em>Chevout Yaaqov<\/em> 3, 1).<\/p>\n<p>Certains disent que cet esprit impur n\u2019existe plus. Les tossaphistes (<em>Yoma<\/em> 77b) rapportent une opinion selon laquelle l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 ne r\u00e9side plus sur \u00ab\u00a0ces royaumes\u00a0\u00bb (les pays germaniques). Selon le <em>L\u00e9\u2019hem Michn\u00e9<\/em>, il ressort des propos de Ma\u00efmonide, qui v\u00e9cut en Espagne et en Egypte, que celui-ci ne s\u2019inqui\u00e9tait pas de l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 mentionn\u00e9 dans le Talmud (<em>Chevitat H\u00e9\u2019assor<\/em> 3, 2). Le Maharchal, qui vivait il y a environ quatre cents ans et \u00e9tait l\u2019un des grands d\u00e9cisionnaires d\u2019Allemagne, a \u00e9crit que l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0ne se trouvait pas parmi nous\u00a0\u00bb (<em>\u2018Houlin<\/em>, chap. 8, 31). D\u2019autres d\u00e9cisionnaires se sont exprim\u00e9s dans le m\u00eame sens.<\/p>\n<p>Il semble que la diff\u00e9rence entre les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations tienne \u00e0 ce que, jadis, les facult\u00e9s spirituelles, mystiques, \u00e9taient plus saillantes et plus fortes. Cela se manifestait, d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, par la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019atteindre des \u00e9tats plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s et plus profonds du point de vue mental et spirituel, tels que la proph\u00e9tie, et d\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9 par toutes sortes de sorcelleries et d\u2019esprits impurs. Avec le temps, c\u2019est la force <em>intellectuelle<\/em> (<em>s\u00e9khel<\/em>) qui est devenue centrale, au d\u00e9triment des forces spirituelles (<em>n\u00e9fech<\/em>)\u00a0; et concurremment avec la cessation de la proph\u00e9tie, les esprits impurs se sont affaiblis et ont disparu\u00a0; \u00e0 leur place, est apparu l\u2019esprit n\u00e9faste d\u2019id\u00e9ologies mensong\u00e8res et fallacieuses.<\/p>\n<p>Citons encore l\u2019extraordinaire histoire du comte Potocki, fils d\u2019une famille de la noblesse polonaise, que son c\u0153ur porta \u00e0 se joindre au peuple d\u2019Isra\u00ebl et \u00e0 se convertir. Comme la chose \u00e9tait interdite \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque, il se convertit secr\u00e8tement et s\u2019adonna \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la Torah. Finalement, les autorit\u00e9s eccl\u00e9siastiques se saisirent de lui et le mirent devant deux possibilit\u00e9s\u00a0: revenir au catholicisme ou \u00eatre br\u00fbl\u00e9 vif. Le vertueux pros\u00e9lyte choisit de mourir par le feu et de sanctifier le nom divin en public. \u00c0 ce moment, le Gaon de Vilna dit que l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 avait perdu de sa force\u00a0; c\u2019est particuli\u00e8rement le cas de l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 qui repose sur les mains, le matin au r\u00e9veil ; aussi, les \u00e9l\u00e8ves du Gaon de Vilna ne s\u2019interdisent plus de marcher plus de quatre coud\u00e9es avant de se laver les mains.<\/p>\n<p>En pratique\u00a0: selon le \u2018Hida, le <em>Michna Beroura<\/em> (1, 2) et le <em>Ben Ich \u2018Ha\u00ef<\/em>, il faut avoir soin de ne pas marcher plus de quatre coud\u00e9es avant l\u2019ablution. Face \u00e0 eux, d\u2019autres d\u00e9cisionnaires sont indulgents, soit parce qu\u2019ils consid\u00e8rent l\u2019ensemble de la maison comme \u00ab\u00a0quatre coud\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb, soit parce que, de nos jours, l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 qui r\u00e9sidait sur les mains n\u2019existe plus (cf. <em>B\u00e9rour Halakha<\/em> 4, 1, <em>Otsrot Yossef<\/em> 2). Tel est bien l\u2019usage r\u00e9pandu que de se permettre de marcher plus de quatre coud\u00e9es avant de se laver les mains. Cependant, de l\u2019avis m\u00eame des d\u00e9cisionnaires indulgents, on a l\u2019usage d\u2019\u00eatre rigoureux \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de tout ce qui est mentionn\u00e9 dans le Talmud lui-m\u00eame\u00a0: ce qui signifie de se laver les mains par trois fois altern\u00e9es, et de ne pas toucher les orifices de son corps avant <em>n\u00e9tilat yada\u00efm<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u2019apr\u00e8s le Zohar et les kabbalistes, il y a lieu de se laver les mains au saut du lit, afin de ne pas laisser plus longtemps sur ses mains l\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9. De m\u00eame recommandent-ils de ne pas marcher plus de quatre coud\u00e9es (amot) (environ deux m\u00e8tres) avant de s\u2019\u00eatre lav\u00e9 les mains le matin. Aussi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[143],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-03-05"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>03. L\u2019esprit d\u2019impuret\u00e9 \u00e0 notre \u00e9poque - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/03-05-03\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"03. 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