{"id":2530,"date":"2000-03-08T00:02:07","date_gmt":"2000-03-07T22:02:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=2530"},"modified":"2017-11-07T13:03:40","modified_gmt":"2017-11-07T11:03:40","slug":"03-08-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/03-08-02\/","title":{"rendered":"02. Les heures relatives et le calcul des horaires matinaux"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les heures dont parlent les ma\u00eetres du Talmud sont des heures relatives (cha\u2019ot zmaniot<\/em>). C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que l\u2019on divise la journ\u00e9e en douze parties \u00e9gales, chaque partie constituant une heure relative. Pendant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, o\u00f9 les journ\u00e9es sont longues, les heures le sont aussi, tandis qu\u2019en hiver, quand les journ\u00e9es sont courtes, les heures sont courtes aussi.<\/p>\n

La question est\u00a0de savoir \u00e0 partir de quand on consid\u00e8re que la journ\u00e9e commence. Selon la m\u00e9thode du Maguen Avraham<\/em>, les heures du jour sont celles o\u00f9 la lumi\u00e8re est perceptible : le calcul se fait depuis l\u2019aube jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019obscurit\u00e9 totale. Selon le Gaon de Vilna, en revanche, le calcul se fait selon les heures o\u00f9 le soleil est visible, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire du lever du soleil \u00e0 son coucher (cheqiat ha\u2019hama<\/em>). C\u2019est l\u00e0 le sens du double horaire que l\u2019on trouve dans les calendriers\u00a0: le premier horaire correspond \u00e0 l\u2019opinion du Maguen Avraham<\/em>, qui fait commencer la journ\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aube, tandis que le second horaire, plus tardif, est conforme \u00e0 l\u2019opinion du Gaon de Vilna, qui fait d\u00e9buter la journ\u00e9e au lever du soleil (cf. La Pri\u00e8re d\u2019Isra\u00ebl<\/em> 11, notes 13-14).<\/p>\n

En pratique, les d\u00e9cisionnaires suivent, dans leur majorit\u00e9, l\u2019opinion du Gaon de Vilna\u00a0; de plus, dans la mesure o\u00f9 la question des horaires de pri\u00e8re est de rang rabbinique, la halakha est conforme \u00e0 l\u2019opinion indulgente\u00a0; aussi calcule-t-on l\u2019heure-limite de la \u2018Amida de Cha\u2019harit selon la m\u00e9thode du Gaon de Vilna[3]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[3]<\/a>. De m\u00eame, on suit l\u2019opinion du Gaon de Vilna en mati\u00e8re d\u2019heure-limite de consommation du \u2018hamets<\/em> (p\u00e2te lev\u00e9e) \u00e0 la veille de Pessa\u2019h. En effet, ce sont les rabbins qui ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019interdire la consommation du \u2018hamets apr\u00e8s la quatri\u00e8me heure\u00a0; or quand il s\u2019agit de trancher en mati\u00e8re rabbinique, la halakha est conforme \u00e0 l\u2019opinion indulgente. En revanche, en mati\u00e8re de mitsvot assorties d\u2019un horaire par la Torah elle-m\u00eame \u2013 telle que la mitsva de lire le Ch\u00e9ma, \u00e0 laquelle les hommes sont tenus, cas dans lequel l\u2019heure limite de lecture est la fin de la troisi\u00e8me heure du jour \u2013, la juste attitude est d\u2019\u00eatre rigoureux. Les hommes r\u00e9citeront donc le Ch\u00e9ma avant la fin de la troisi\u00e8me heure du jour telle que d\u00e9finie par le Maguen Avraham<\/em>, suivant en cela le principe\u00a0: en cas de doute portant sur une r\u00e8gle toranique, on est rigoureux (safeq de-Ora\u00eftha l\u00e9\u2019houmra<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les heures dont parlent les ma\u00eetres du Talmud sont des heures relatives (cha\u2019ot zmaniot). C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que l\u2019on divise la journ\u00e9e en douze parties \u00e9gales, chaque partie constituant une heure relative. Pendant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, o\u00f9 les journ\u00e9es sont longues, les heures le sont aussi, tandis qu\u2019en hiver, quand les journ\u00e9es sont courtes, les heures sont courtes aussi. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[146],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-03-08"],"yoast_head":"\n02. 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