{"id":2718,"date":"2000-03-17T00:03:59","date_gmt":"2000-03-16T22:03:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=2718"},"modified":"2017-11-09T09:26:46","modified_gmt":"2017-11-09T07:26:46","slug":"03-17-03","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/03-17-03\/","title":{"rendered":"03. L\u2019usage des supplications (Ta\u2019hanounim<\/em>) de nos jours"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jadis, on avait l\u2019usage, pour accomplir la \u00ab\u00a0chute de la face\u00a0\u00bb, de tomber en prostration ou de se prosterner. Par la prostration (hichta\u2019havaya<\/em>), le fid\u00e8le s\u2019\u00e9tendait de tout son long sur le sol, bras et jambes \u00e9tendus \u00e0 terre. Par la prosternation (qida<\/em>) proprement dite, le fid\u00e8le s\u2019agenouillait et baissait la t\u00eate en l\u2019appliquant au sol (Berakhot <\/em>34b\u00a0; Ma\u00efmonide, T\u00e9phila<\/em> 5, 13-14).<\/p>\n

Cependant, en raison de plusieurs craintes, l\u2019usage de la prostration ou de la prosternation a \u00e9t\u00e9 annul\u00e9. Une partie de ces craintes rel\u00e8vent de la halakha<\/em> et sont li\u00e9es, d\u2019une part, \u00e0 l\u2019interdit de la prostration sur un sol dall\u00e9 de pierres taill\u00e9es, d\u2019autre part \u00e0 l\u2019interdit fait \u00e0 un homme important de tomber \u00e0 terre en public sans qu\u2019il soit assur\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre agr\u00e9\u00e9, comme nous l\u2019apprenons du cas de Josu\u00e9 (Jos 7, 10). Mais le motif principal de crainte repose sur les paroles du Zohar <\/em>(section Bamidbar 121, 1). Le Zohar<\/em> exalte la haute importance de la Nefilat apayim<\/em>, dans laquelle le fid\u00e8le doit faire don de sa personne \u00e0 Dieu et se consid\u00e9rer comme ayant quitt\u00e9 le monde, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 quoi toutes ses fautes s\u2019absolvent\u00a0; mais si ce n\u2019est pas avec sinc\u00e9rit\u00e9 que l\u2019on fait don de sa personne, on se met en danger\u00a0; aussi nous abstenons-nous de nous prostrer ou de nous prosterner face contre terre (cf. La Pri\u00e8re d\u2019Isra\u00ebl <\/em>21, 3).<\/p>\n

En pratique, la coutume de tous les Ashk\u00e9nazes et d\u2019une partie des S\u00e9farades est de se courber, en posture assise, en enfouissant sa t\u00eate sous son bras gauche. Un tel geste r\u00e9alise, dans une certaine mesure, l\u2019id\u00e9e de \u00ab\u00a0chute de la face\u00a0\u00bb, en ce qu\u2019il est une amorce de prosternation. Pour autant, ce geste n\u2019est pas une prosternation enti\u00e8re, et il n\u2019est pas assimilable \u00e0 une prostration sur un sol de pierre (B\u00e9our Halakha<\/em> 131, 1). Ceux qui suivent les coutumes du Ben Ich \u2018Ha\u00ef<\/em> craignent davantage encore la mise en garde du Zohar<\/em> et ne marquent aucune \u00e9bauche de prosternation\u00a0; tel est l\u2019usage de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s du Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque des Gu\u00e9onim, un rituel fixe a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se former, pour la Nefilat apayim <\/em>comme pour les autres supplications (Ta\u2019hanounim<\/em>) qui suivent la \u2018Amida.\u00a0 \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque des Richonim[b]<\/a><\/sup>, le rituel s\u2019est formalis\u00e9 davantage, au point que tout le peuple juif a pris sur lui, comme obligation, de dire des supplications d\u00e9termin\u00e9es. Il semble qu\u2019en raison des \u00e9preuves de l\u2019exil, qui se sont accrues au fil du temps, les c\u0153urs se sont obtur\u00e9s, au point que nous avons eu besoin d\u2019un rituel fixe de supplications. Et puisque le rituel des Ta\u2019hanounim<\/em> s\u2019est r\u00e9pandu apr\u00e8s la dispersion des communaut\u00e9s \u00e0 travers leurs exils, les diff\u00e9rences entre rituels ashk\u00e9naze et s\u00e9farade y sont plus apparentes que dans d\u2019autres parties de l\u2019office.<\/p>\n

Puisque\u00a0 la Nefilat apayim<\/em> est une pri\u00e8re qui exprime la brisure du c\u0153ur, dans le d\u00e9laissement du corps et le don de l\u2019\u00e2me, on ne la r\u00e9cite pas les jours de r\u00e9jouissance li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019observance d\u2019une mitsva (comme il est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 dans les livres de pri\u00e8re). De m\u00eame, lorsque des gens ayant un motif de r\u00e9jouissance li\u00e9e \u00e0 une mitsva se trouvent \u00e0 la synagogue \u2013 tels qu\u2019un nouveau mari\u00e9 ou l\u2019une des personnes associ\u00e9es \u00e0 une circoncision \u2013, on ne dit pas les Ta\u2019hanounim <\/em>(cf. La Pri\u00e8re d\u2019Isra\u00ebl<\/em> 21, 7-8). Dans une maison de deuil, on a l\u2019usage de ne pas dire les Ta\u2019hanounim<\/em>, car la mesure de rigueur y r\u00e9side, et l\u2019on doit prendre soin de ne pas l\u2019intensifier (Michna Beroura <\/em>131, 20).<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[b]<\/a>. Gu\u00e9onim\u00a0: du 6\u00e8me au 11\u00e8me si\u00e8cle de l\u2019\u00e8re civile. Richonim\u00a0: du 11\u00e8me au 16\u00e8me si\u00e8cle.<\/li>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jadis, on avait l\u2019usage, pour accomplir la \u00ab\u00a0chute de la face\u00a0\u00bb, de tomber en prostration ou de se prosterner. Par la prostration (hichta\u2019havaya), le fid\u00e8le s\u2019\u00e9tendait de tout son long sur le sol, bras et jambes \u00e9tendus \u00e0 terre. Par la prosternation (qida) proprement dite, le fid\u00e8le s\u2019agenouillait et baissait la t\u00eate en l\u2019appliquant au […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2718","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-03-17"],"yoast_head":"\n03. L\u2019usage des supplications (Ta\u2019hanounim) de nos jours - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/03-17-03\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"03. L\u2019usage des supplications (Ta\u2019hanounim) de nos jours - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jadis, on avait l\u2019usage, pour accomplir la \u00ab\u00a0chute de la face\u00a0\u00bb, de tomber en prostration ou de se prosterner. Par la prostration (hichta\u2019havaya), le fid\u00e8le s\u2019\u00e9tendait de tout son long sur le sol, bras et jambes \u00e9tendus \u00e0 terre. 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