{"id":2874,"date":"2016-05-11T00:02:07","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T21:02:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=2874"},"modified":"2018-03-19T09:17:04","modified_gmt":"2018-03-19T07:17:04","slug":"05-11-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/05-11-02\/","title":{"rendered":"02. Le r\u00e8gne grec"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Durant des si\u00e8cles, s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e en Gr\u00e8ce une culture qui produisit de grandes avanc\u00e9es en science, en philosophie, en litt\u00e9rature, dans les arts, l\u2019architecture, la strat\u00e9gie militaire et les institutions de pouvoir. La puissance grecque s\u2019accrut avec le temps. \u00c0 la suite de ses victoires sur ses rivaux, Philippe II de Mac\u00e9doine r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 unifier les Etats grecs sous son autorit\u00e9. Il invita le plus grand des philosophes et scientifiques grecs, Aristote, \u00e0 \u00eatre le pr\u00e9cepteur de son fils Alexandre. Quand Alexandre acc\u00e9da au pouvoir, il entreprit une campagne de conqu\u00eates. En trois ans (de 3426 \u00e0 3429, ou de 334 \u00e0 331 avant l\u2019\u00e8re civile), les Grecs conquirent de prodigieux territoires, l\u2019Asie mineure, la terre d\u2019Isra\u00ebl, l\u2019Egypte, et tout le vaste territoire de l\u2019empire perse, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019Inde.<\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s la mort d\u2019Alexandre de Mac\u00e9doine, les commandants de l\u2019arm\u00e9e grecque commenc\u00e8rent \u00e0 se combattre mutuellement pour l\u2019exercice du pouvoir, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que les immenses territoires sous souverainet\u00e9 grecque se divisassent en plusieurs royaumes grecs.<\/p>\n<p>En cons\u00e9quence de la conqu\u00eate territoriale, la culture grecque se r\u00e9pandit dans tous ces pays. Elle assimila toutes les cultures environnantes, et cr\u00e9a une culture hell\u00e9nistique unitaire. Le type de r\u00e9gime, la langue, la culture, les comp\u00e9titions sportives de toutes ces contr\u00e9es devinrent hell\u00e9nistiques. Les riches et les notables de chacun de ces peuples s\u2019assimil\u00e8rent aux Grecs et imit\u00e8rent leur mode de vie.<\/p>\n<p>La Jud\u00e9e, elle aussi, fut gouvern\u00e9e par les Grecs, et, l\u00e0 encore, l\u2019hell\u00e9nisation se r\u00e9pandit. Toutefois les Juifs \u00e9taient diff\u00e9rents des autres peuples\u00a0; aussi le processus d\u2019hell\u00e9nisation en Jud\u00e9e fut relativement lent. Mais durant les cent soixante ann\u00e9es de leur r\u00e8gne, les Grecs virent cro\u00eetre leur influence, principalement sur la classe ais\u00e9e. \u00c0 un certain stade de cette influence, les Grands-pr\u00eatres Jason et M\u00e9n\u00e9las furent eux-m\u00eames les fers de lance de l\u2019hell\u00e9nisation, et \u0153uvr\u00e8rent en faveur de l\u2019influence grecque sur la Jud\u00e9e. Ils \u00e9difi\u00e8rent, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du Temple, un stade pour les concours de lutte, et pr\u00e9f\u00e9raient regarder les combats plut\u00f4t que de faire le service des sacrifices au Temple<sup><a href='#_te01ftn11_2' id='_te01ftnref11_2' class='aup1'>[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<a href='#_te01ftnref11_2' id='_te01ftn11_2'>[2]<\/a>. Alexandre de Mac\u00e9doine est mort en 3437 (323 avant l\u2019\u00e8re civile). Ptol\u00e9m\u00e9e et S\u00e9leucos lutt\u00e8rent contre Antigone, le vainquirent devant Gaza en l\u2019an 3448 (-312), et partag\u00e8rent entre eux le territoire\u00a0: l\u2019Egypte \u00e0 Ptol\u00e9m\u00e9e, la Syrie et la Babylonie \u00e0 S\u00e9leucos. Apr\u00e8s cela, ils se firent la guerre l\u2019un \u00e0 l\u2019autre pour la terre d\u2019Isra\u00ebl. D\u00e8s 3459 (-301), c\u2019est la maison de Ptol\u00e9m\u00e9e qui en prit le contr\u00f4le pour plus de cent ann\u00e9es. En 3562 (-198), Antiochus III, de la dynastie s\u00e9leucide, conquit la terre d\u2019Isra\u00ebl. Vers la fin de sa vie, son pouvoir d\u00e9clina.<\/p>\n<p>Quand il tenta la conqu\u00eate du royaume de Pergame en Asie mineure, les Romains vinrent au secours de Pergame et l\u2019emport\u00e8rent sur lui\u00a0: il fut contraint de leur payer de lourds tributs. Apr\u00e8s lui, Antiochus Epiphane r\u00e9gna (de 3584 \u00e0 3598, ou de -176 \u00e0 -164). C\u2019est lui, Antiochus l\u2019impie, qui pers\u00e9cuta religieusement le peuple juif. (L\u2019essentiel de la pr\u00e9sente note et des suivantes est emprunt\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019ouvrage du Dr Mordekha\u00ef Breuer, <em>Divr\u00e9 Hayamim L\u00e9-Isra\u00ebl Oul\u2019oumot Ha\u2019olam<\/em>, \u00e9d. Mossad Harav Kook.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Durant des si\u00e8cles, s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e en Gr\u00e8ce une culture qui produisit de grandes avanc\u00e9es en science, en philosophie, en litt\u00e9rature, dans les arts, l\u2019architecture, la strat\u00e9gie militaire et les institutions de pouvoir. La puissance grecque s\u2019accrut avec le temps. \u00c0 la suite de ses victoires sur ses rivaux, Philippe II de Mac\u00e9doine r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 unifier [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-05-11"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>02. 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