{"id":344,"date":"2016-01-05T00:06:44","date_gmt":"2016-01-04T22:06:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=344"},"modified":"2017-07-19T09:58:50","modified_gmt":"2017-07-19T06:58:50","slug":"01-05-06","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/01-05-06\/","title":{"rendered":"06. Lecture publique de la Torah, le Chabbat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Une institution ancienne, remontant \u00e0 Mo\u00efse notre ma\u00eetre, veut que le peuple d\u2019Isra\u00ebl lise une portion du rouleau consacr\u00e9 de la Torah (s\u00e9fer-Torah<\/em>), \u00e9crit \u00e0 l\u2019encre sur parchemin, le jour de Chabbat, ainsi que le lundi et le jeudi (Baba Qama<\/em> 82a). En raison de la saintet\u00e9 et de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du Chabbat, nos sages ont d\u00e9cr\u00e9t\u00e9 que sept personnes seraient appel\u00e9es \u00e0 monter\u00a0\u00e0 la Torah[g]<\/a><\/sup> le Chabbat, en regard des sept jours de la semaine (M\u00e9guila<\/em> 21a). A l\u2019\u00e9poque du Talmud, on avait coutume, en terre d\u2019Isra\u00ebl, d\u2019achever la lecture des cinq livres de la Torah en trois ans\u00a0; en Babylonie, on l\u2019achevait en un an\u00a0; et tel est l\u2019usage aujourd\u2019hui, dans toutes les communaut\u00e9s juives, que de terminer chaque ann\u00e9e, pendant la f\u00eate de Sim\u2019hat Torah, la lecture de l\u2019ensemble de la Torah\u00a0: c\u2019est l\u2019institution de la paracha<\/em> (p\u00e9ricope) de la semaine, que nous lisons chaque Chabbat. Chacun des sept appel\u00e9s lit un passage de cette paracha<\/em>\u00a0; \u00e0 eux sept, ils en lisent l\u2019ensemble. Si, un certain Chabbat, on a manqu\u00e9 de lire la paracha<\/em>, on en lira deux le Chabbat suivant, afin que soit aussi lue la paracha <\/em>manquante (Rama 135, 2)[3]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Si l\u2019on veut faire monter plus de sept appel\u00e9s, on est autoris\u00e9 \u00e0 le faire, \u00e0 condition que trois versets au moins soient lus pour chacun. Selon certains, il ne convient pas, de nos jours, d\u2019ajouter au nombre des appel\u00e9s, car on ajouterait en cela au nombre des b\u00e9n\u00e9dictions fix\u00e9es par les sages. En effet, autrefois, le premier appel\u00e9 r\u00e9citait une seule b\u00e9n\u00e9diction (celle qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de la lecture), et le dernier r\u00e9citait lui aussi une seule b\u00e9n\u00e9diction (celle qui suit la lecture), tandis que ceux qui \u00e9taient appel\u00e9s aux mont\u00e9es interm\u00e9diaires ne r\u00e9citaient pas de b\u00e9n\u00e9diction. Par la suite, on craignit que ceux qui sortaient et entraient au cours de la lecture ne sachent pas que l\u2019on avait dit la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction introductive, ni que l\u2019on dirait la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction finale. On d\u00e9cr\u00e9ta donc que chaque appel\u00e9 dirait une b\u00e9n\u00e9diction avant la lecture de sa portion, puis une apr\u00e8s. Or, puisque chaque appel\u00e9 ajoute d\u00e9j\u00e0 des b\u00e9n\u00e9dictions suppl\u00e9mentaires, il ne convient pas d\u2019ajouter au nombre des appel\u00e9s et de multiplier le nombre des b\u00e9n\u00e9dictions, au-del\u00e0 de ce qu\u2019ont pr\u00e9vu les sages. De plus, il faut s\u2019efforcer de ne pas peser sur l\u2019assembl\u00e9e en \u00e9tendant la dur\u00e9e de l\u2019office. Aussi, a priori, il convient d\u2019adopter l\u2019usage de ne point ajouter au nombre de sept appel\u00e9s. Mais en cas d\u2019imp\u00e9rieuse n\u00e9cessit\u00e9, afin d\u2019\u00e9viter une grande vexation, il est permis d\u2019y ajouter (Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 282, 1-2\u00a0; Michna Beroura <\/em>4-5).<\/p>\n

Si l\u2019on s\u2019en tient \u00e0 la stricte r\u00e8gle, il est possible de faire monter un mineur[h]<\/a><\/sup> qui sait les b\u00e9n\u00e9dictions, \u00e0 la condition que la majorit\u00e9 des sept appel\u00e9s soient majeurs. Certaines communaut\u00e9s s\u00e9farades ont cet usage (Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 282, 3, Ye\u2019hav\u00e9 Da\u2019at<\/em> IV 23). L\u2019usage ashk\u00e9naze et d\u2019une partie du monde s\u00e9farade est de ne pas appeler un mineur. Certaines communaut\u00e9s s\u00e9farades suivent la coutume de Rabbi Isaac Louria, consistant \u00e0 permettre d\u2019appeler un mineur \u00e0 la septi\u00e8me mont\u00e9e, mas non aux autres (cf. Michna Beroura <\/em>282, 12\u00a0; Kaf Ha\u2019ha\u00efm<\/em> 22). L\u2019usage y\u00e9m\u00e9nite est d\u2019accorder au mineur la sixi\u00e8me mont\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[g]<\/a> La lecture sabbatique est divis\u00e9e en sept parties, appel\u00e9es alyot <\/em>(mont\u00e9es). Pour chacune, on invite un fid\u00e8le (l\u2019appel\u00e9) \u00e0 se pr\u00e9senter devant le rouleau de la Torah, afin de lire, ou de suivre la lecture faite en son nom par un lecteur exp\u00e9riment\u00e9. C\u2019est ce que l\u2019on appelle monter \u00e0 la Torah<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Chacun des appel\u00e9s \u00e0 la Torah r\u00e9cite deux b\u00e9n\u00e9dictions, l\u2019une avant la lecture de sa portion, l\u2019autre apr\u00e8s. Cf. La Pri\u00e8re d\u2019Isra\u00ebl<\/em>, chap. 22, et Pnin\u00e9 Halakha<\/em>, Liqoutim <\/em>1, chap. 4. Avant la premi\u00e8re b\u00e9n\u00e9diction, l\u2019appel\u00e9 dit le bref texte Barekhou<\/em>. Les Gu\u00e9onim expliquent que, si l\u2019on a eu un emp\u00eachement dans la semaine, \u00e0 cause duquel on n\u2019a pu r\u00e9pondre au Barekhou<\/em> r\u00e9cit\u00e9 durant la pri\u00e8re de Cha\u2019harit (avant les b\u00e9n\u00e9dictions du Ch\u00e9ma), on pourra combler ce manque en \u00e9coutant les sept Barekhou<\/em>, r\u00e9cit\u00e9s par les sept appel\u00e9s du Chabbat (Chibol\u00e9 Hal\u00e9qet<\/em> 77).<\/p>\n

[h]<\/a> Qui n\u2019est pas parvenu \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de la bar-mitsva<\/em>, treize ans.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Une institution ancienne, remontant \u00e0 Mo\u00efse notre ma\u00eetre, veut que le peuple d\u2019Isra\u00ebl lise une portion du rouleau consacr\u00e9 de la Torah (s\u00e9fer-Torah), \u00e9crit \u00e0 l\u2019encre sur parchemin, le jour de Chabbat, ainsi que le lundi et le jeudi (Baba Qama 82a). En raison de la saintet\u00e9 et de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du Chabbat, nos sages ont […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-344","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-05"],"yoast_head":"\n06. 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