{"id":3617,"date":"2016-09-05T00:07:59","date_gmt":"2016-09-04T21:07:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=3617"},"modified":"2018-08-15T11:53:53","modified_gmt":"2018-08-15T08:53:53","slug":"15-05-07","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/15-05-07\/","title":{"rendered":"07. Chabbat <em>Chouva<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On a coutume d\u2019appeler Chabbat <em>Chouva<\/em>, ou encore Chabbat <em>Techouva<\/em>, le Chabbat qui a lieu pendant les dix jours de p\u00e9nitence. Cela, en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la <em>haftara <\/em>que nous lisons ce jour-l\u00e0, et qui commence par les mots\u00a0: <em>Chouva, Isra\u00ebl, \u2018ad Hachem Elo-h\u00e9kha, ki khachalta ba\u2019avon\u00e9kha<\/em> (\u00ab\u00a0Reviens, Isra\u00ebl, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9ternel ton Dieu, car tu as tr\u00e9buch\u00e9 par tes fautes\u00a0\u00bb) (Os 14, 2). On sait, de m\u00eame, que le Chabbat est la source de la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction, et que tout ce qui advient pendant la semaine tire sa vitalit\u00e9 du Chabbat. Par cons\u00e9quent, dans une certaine mesure, ce Chabbat est la racine m\u00eame du jour de Kipour. Aussi convient-il de s\u2019y \u00e9veiller \u00e0 la <em>techouva<\/em> et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la Torah.<\/p>\n<p>Il est de coutume que le rabbin de la communaut\u00e9 (le <em>Mara d\u00e9atra<\/em>, \u00ab\u00a0ma\u00eetre du lieu\u00a0\u00bb) fasse une <em>deracha<\/em> (discours homil\u00e9tique), ce Chabbat, sur un th\u00e8me de <em>moussar<\/em> (\u00e9thique) et sur les questions halakhiques n\u00e9cessaires \u2013, <em>deracha <\/em>dans laquelle il exhorte l\u2019assembl\u00e9e \u00e0 se repentir des transgressions les plus courantes, et \u00e0 se renforcer dans l\u2019\u00e9tude de la Torah, la pratique de la <em>ts\u00e9daqa<\/em> et les autres mitsvot. Cette <em>deracha<\/em> et celle de Chabbat<em> Hagadol<\/em>, qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de Pessa\u2019h, sont les deux plus importantes de l\u2019ann\u00e9e. Aussi, dans le cas m\u00eame o\u00f9, les autres Chabbats de l\u2019ann\u00e9e, d\u2019autres rabbins donnent des cours et des <em>derachot<\/em>, c\u2019est le rabbin du lieu en titre qui, cette fois, doit discourir. En effet, puisque c\u2019est sur lui que p\u00e8se le joug de la communaut\u00e9, c\u2019est lui qui saura d\u00e9terminer quelles choses importantes requi\u00e8rent d\u2019\u00eatre renforc\u00e9es. Cette <em>deracha<\/em> se d\u00e9roule en grande assembl\u00e9e, et m\u00eame les grands \u00e9rudits, qui conna\u00eetraient toute la Torah, et les petits qui ne comprennent pas les propos du rabbin, viennent y assister. Certains rabbins ont l\u2019usage d\u2019\u00eatre envelopp\u00e9s de leur talith en l\u2019honneur du public et de la <em>deracha<\/em> (cf. <em>Mat\u00e9 Ephra\u00efm<\/em> 602, 41\u00a0; <em>\u00c9leph Hamaguen<\/em> 23).<\/p>\n<p>Dans certaines communaut\u00e9s, la <em>deracha <\/em>se tient durant l\u2019office de Cha\u2019harit, avant la lecture de la Torah\u00a0; mais dans les grandes communaut\u00e9s, o\u00f9 se trouvent plusieurs synagogues, et o\u00f9 ce serait un grand fardeau que de r\u00e9unir tous les fid\u00e8les en un seul lieu, au milieu de l\u2019office, la <em>deracha<\/em> se tient imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s l\u2019office de Min\u2019ha. On fixe alors Min\u2019ha deux ou trois heures avant le coucher du soleil, afin que le rabbin ait le temps de discourir longuement, et que l\u2019on ait encore le temps, ensuite, de faire la <em>s\u00e9\u2019ouda chelichit<\/em>, troisi\u00e8me repas de Chabbat (<em>Mat\u00e9 Ephra\u00efm<\/em> 602, 42). Toutefois, nombreux sont ceux qui ont coutume de fixer la <em>deracha<\/em> entre la <em>s\u00e9\u2019ouda chelichit <\/em>et l\u2019office d\u2019Arvit.<\/p>\n<p>Selon la coutume ashk\u00e9naze, y\u00e9m\u00e9nite et d\u2019une partie des communaut\u00e9s s\u00e9farades \u2013 parmi lesquelles nombre de communaut\u00e9s nord-africaines \u2013, on ne r\u00e9cite pas <em>Avinou, Malk\u00e9nou<\/em> le Chabbat, ni \u00e0 l\u2019office de Min\u2019ha du vendredi\u00a0; en effet, on ne prie pas pour ses besoins personnels, le Chabbat. M\u00eame si Roch hachana lui-m\u00eame a lieu le Chabbat, on ne dit pas <em>Avinou, Malk\u00e9nou<\/em> (<em>Pard\u00e8s<\/em>, <em>Roq\u00e9a\u2019h<\/em>, Ran, Rivach 512, Rama 602, 1, <em>Michna Beroura<\/em> 584, 4). Dans de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s s\u00e9farades, on a coutume de dire <em>Avinou, Malk\u00e9nou<\/em> lors du Chabbat <em>Chouva<\/em>, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 Roch hachana tombant un Chabbat. Cela ne porte pas atteinte \u00e0 l\u2019honneur du Chabbat, car ces jours sont particuli\u00e8rement destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la <em>techouva <\/em>et \u00e0 la pri\u00e8re pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e nouvelle (Rav Amram Gaon, Rabb\u00e9nou Guerchom, M\u00e9\u00efri, <em>Kaf Ha\u2019ha\u00efm<\/em> 584, 7-8).<\/p>\n<p>Nombreux sont ceux qui ont coutume de repousser la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction de la nouvelle lune \u00e0 l\u2019issue de Kipour (<em>motsa\u00e9 Yom Kipour<\/em>). En effet, il faut dire cette b\u00e9n\u00e9diction dans la joie\u00a0; or ce n\u2019est qu\u2019apr\u00e8s le jour de Kipour que s\u2019att\u00e9nue la tension, et que l\u2019on sort de la synagogue en joie (Maharil, Rama 602, 1, <em>Peri \u2018Hadach<\/em>, Rav Mordekha\u00ef Elyahou\u00a0; cf. ci-apr\u00e8s, chap. 7 \u00a7 19). D\u2019autres estiment qu\u2019au contraire, il est bon de proclamer la nouvelle lune durant les dix jours de p\u00e9nitence, afin que cette mitsva fasse pencher la balance du c\u00f4t\u00e9 du m\u00e9rite (<em>Levouch<\/em>, \u2018Hida, Gaon de Vilna). Chaque communaut\u00e9 perp\u00e9tuera sa coutume.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On a coutume d\u2019appeler Chabbat Chouva, ou encore Chabbat Techouva, le Chabbat qui a lieu pendant les dix jours de p\u00e9nitence. Cela, en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la haftara que nous lisons ce jour-l\u00e0, et qui commence par les mots\u00a0: Chouva, Isra\u00ebl, \u2018ad Hachem Elo-h\u00e9kha, ki khachalta ba\u2019avon\u00e9kha (\u00ab\u00a0Reviens, Isra\u00ebl, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9ternel ton Dieu, car tu as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-15-05"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>07. 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