{"id":433,"date":"2016-01-09T00:07:41","date_gmt":"2016-01-08T22:07:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=433"},"modified":"2017-07-20T09:17:47","modified_gmt":"2017-07-20T06:17:47","slug":"01-09-07","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/01-09-07\/","title":{"rendered":"07. Meqalqel<\/em>, le fait de d\u00e9t\u00e9riorer"},"content":{"rendered":"

La Torah interdit l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de travaux qui tendent vers un accomplissement, la production d\u2019une am\u00e9lioration[i]<\/a><\/sup>, \u00e0 l\u2019exemple des travaux par lesquels on construisit le Tabernacle, ainsi qu\u2019il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Pour ex\u00e9cuter tout ouvrage pens\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 35, 33). En revanche, si l\u2019on ex\u00e9cute un travail tendant \u00e0 la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration ou \u00e0 la destruction, on ne transgresse pas d\u2019interdit toranique\u00a0; mais nos sages n\u2019en ont pas moins interdit de faire un travail sur le mode de la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration (qilqoul<\/em>) ou de la destruction. C\u2019est \u00e0 ce propos que les sages disent, dans la Michna\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tous ceux qui d\u00e9t\u00e9riorent sont quittes\u00a0\u00bb (Chabbat<\/em> 13, 3). Chaque fois que nos sages disent, au trait\u00e9 Chabbat<\/em>, le mot patour<\/em> (quitte, dispens\u00e9), cela signifie \u00ab\u00a0dispens\u00e9 de la punition pr\u00e9vue par la Torah\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; mais l\u2019acte en lui-m\u00eame est interdit par nos sages (Chabbat<\/em> 3a).<\/p>\n

Par cons\u00e9quent, si l\u2019on d\u00e9chire dans le but de recoudre, on transgresse un interdit toranique\u00a0; mais si l\u2019on d\u00e9chire sans intention de recoudre, on transgresse un interdit rabbinique (cf. infra, chap. 13 \u00a7 11). D\u00e9molir une maison ou des ustensiles afin de reconstruire de meilleure fa\u00e7on, c\u2019est enfreindre un interdit de la Torah\u00a0; d\u00e9molir sans intention de reconstruire, c\u2019est enfreindre un interdit rabbinique (chap. 15 \u00a7 1). Effacer des lettres afin d\u2019en \u00e9crire d\u2019autres \u00e0 leur place est un interdit toranique\u00a0; effacer sans intention de r\u00e9crire est un interdit rabbinique (chap. 18 \u00a7 1).<\/p>\n

De m\u00eame, s\u2019agissant d\u2019allumer\u00a0: si l\u2019on allume un feu afin de cuire, de r\u00e9chauffer, d\u2019\u00e9clairer, ou parce que l\u2019on a besoin de cendres, on enfreint un interdit toranique\u00a0; mais si l\u2019on incendie pour d\u00e9truire, on enfreint un interdit rabbinique (Chabbat<\/em> 106a\u00a0; Ma\u00efmonide 12, 1\u00a0; cf. infra, chap. 16 \u00a7 1). De la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on, s\u2019agissant de l\u2019interdit de causer une l\u00e9sion\u00a0(\u2018hovel<\/em>)\u00a0: si l\u2019on \u00e9gorge une b\u00eate parce que l\u2019on a besoin de sa chair ou de sa peau, on enfreint un interdit toranique. Si l\u2019on tue une b\u00eate pour l\u2019\u00e9liminer, l\u2019interdit est rabbinique. Par exemple, \u00e9craser des fourmis ou tuer des moustiques n\u2019est qu\u2019un interdit rabbinique, puisqu\u2019on ne vise aucun produit ni aucune r\u00e9paration (chap. 20 \u00a7 8)[4]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[i]<\/a>. Tiqoun\u00a0<\/em>: cf. ci-dessus, note f. Ici dans le sens d\u2019une action donnant lieu \u00e0 un perfectionnement de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Il peut s\u2019agir litt\u00e9ralement d\u2019une r\u00e9paration, mais plus simplement d\u2019une construction, et de tout acte dont l\u2019accomplissement fait passer une chose d\u2019un \u00e9tat \u00e0 un autre, plus accompli, comme le fait de cuire ou de trier des aliments pour les rendre propres \u00e0 la consommation.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>. Si l\u2019on blesse son prochain sur le mode de la vengeance, on transgresse, selon Ma\u00efmonide, un interdit de la Torah [du point de vue du Chabbat, ind\u00e9pendamment m\u00eame de l\u2019interdit de porter atteinte \u00e0 son prochain, qui a cours en tout temps], car on soulage<\/em> par l\u00e0 son penchant \u00e0 la col\u00e8re\u00a0: si l\u2019on se place du point de vue du penchant au mal, l\u2019acte est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un acte d\u2019arrangement<\/em> ou de r\u00e9paration<\/em> (tiqoun<\/em>). Selon le Raavad, puisque il n\u2019y a pas l\u00e0 de r\u00e9paration<\/em> \u00e0 proprement parler, l\u2019interdit, du point de vue du Chabbat, est rabbinique (Ma\u00efmonide 11, 1, Michna Beroura<\/em> 316, 30). Cf. Har\u2019havot <\/em>20, 9, 2.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La Torah interdit l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de travaux qui tendent vers un accomplissement, la production d\u2019une am\u00e9lioration[i], \u00e0 l\u2019exemple des travaux par lesquels on construisit le Tabernacle, ainsi qu\u2019il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Pour ex\u00e9cuter tout ouvrage pens\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 35, 33). En revanche, si l\u2019on ex\u00e9cute un travail tendant \u00e0 la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration ou \u00e0 la destruction, on ne transgresse […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-09"],"yoast_head":"\n07. 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