{"id":439,"date":"2016-01-09T00:10:02","date_gmt":"2016-01-08T22:10:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=439"},"modified":"2017-07-20T09:19:02","modified_gmt":"2017-07-20T06:19:02","slug":"01-09-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/01-09-10\/","title":{"rendered":"10. Enfants, non-Juifs, animaux"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>En plus de l\u2019interdit d\u2019accomplir un travail le Chabbat, il nous est ordonn\u00e9 d\u2019accorder le repos \u00e0 nos enfants, \u00e0 nos serviteurs, et \u00e0 nos animaux, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tu ne feras aucun travail, toi, ton fils, ta fille, ton serviteur, ta servante, ton b\u0153uf ni ton \u00e2ne, ni aucune de tes b\u00eates, ni le pros\u00e9lyte qui est en tes portes, afin que ton serviteur et ta servante se reposent comme toi\u00a0\u00bb (Dt 5, 13).<\/p>\n<p>On voit donc qu\u2019en plus de la mitsva rabbinique incombant aux parents d\u2019\u00e9duquer leurs enfants \u00e0 l\u2019observance des mitsvot, il existe une mitsva toranique\u00a0interdisant d\u2019accomplir un travail, le Chabbat, par le biais des enfants. Les r\u00e8gles applicables au mineur, le Chabbat, seront abord\u00e9es plus loin, au chapitre 24.<\/p>\n<p>De m\u00eame, la Torah interdit d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter un travail, le Chabbat, par le biais d\u2019un serviteur non-juif. Afin de comprendre la signification de cette mitsva, il faut pr\u00e9ciser d\u2019abord que, selon la Torah, un esclave<sup><a href='#_te01ftn9_k' id='_te01ftnref9_k' class='aup1'>[k]<\/a><\/sup> non-juif acquis par un Juif doit suivre un processus de conversion (<em>guiour<\/em>), apr\u00e8s lequel il est soumis \u00e0 l\u2019observance de l\u2019ensemble des commandements, \u00e0 l\u2019exception des mitsvot \u00ab\u00a0positives\u00a0\u00bb conditionn\u00e9es par le temps. Si le ma\u00eetre d\u00e9cide de l\u2019affranchir, l\u2019individu prendra le statut de Juif, \u00e9galement oblig\u00e9 aux mitsvot d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par le temps. Cela signifie que, m\u00eame \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque de sa servitude, la Torah lui fait obligation d\u2019observer le Chabbat, dans la mesure o\u00f9 il s\u2019est converti au juda\u00efsme. De plus, la Torah ajoute une mitsva sp\u00e9cifique au ma\u00eetre, lui prescrivant de veiller \u00e0 ce que son esclave n\u2019ex\u00e9cute aucun travail le Chabbat.<\/p>\n<p>Si l\u2019esclave n\u2019a pas suivi de processus de conversion, il n\u2019a aucune obligation d\u2019observer le Chabbat, et il lui est permis de faire des travaux pour son propre usage. En revanche, de m\u00eame que le Juif s\u2019abstient de travailler pendant Chabbat, la Torah lui interdit de demander \u00e0 son serviteur d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter pour lui quelque travail, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Et le fils de ta servante, ainsi que l\u2019\u00e9tranger, se reposeront \u00bb (Ex 23, 12)\u00a0; or nos sages enseignent que ce qui est vis\u00e9 ici est l\u2019esclave non converti<sup><a href='#_te01ftn9_6' id='_te01ftnref9_6' class='aup1'>[6]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Nos ma\u00eetres interdisent \u00e9galement au Juif de demander \u00e0 un non-Juif de faire \u00e0 son intention un travail, le Chabbat. Les r\u00e8gles applicables au travail du non-Juif seront \u00e9tudi\u00e9es au chapitre 25. Comme nous le verrons dans les prochains paragraphes, les sages autorisent parfois \u00e0 demander \u00e0 un non-Juif d\u2019accomplir \u00e0 l\u2019intention d\u2019un Juif un travail sur lequel p\u00e8se un interdit rabbinique.<\/p>\n<p>La Torah interdit encore d\u2019accomplir un travail par le biais d\u2019un animal. Nous \u00e9tudierons ces r\u00e8gles au chapitre 20. En revanche, il n\u2019est pas n\u00e9cessaire de faire ch\u00f4mer ses <em>ustensiles<\/em> pendant Chabbat. Il est donc permis \u00e0 un Juif de pr\u00eater des outils \u00e0 un non-Juif, lequel fera un travail \u00e0 l\u2019aide de ces outils\u00a0; cela \u00e0 condition que le non-Juif ne paraisse pas accomplir ce travail \u00e0 la demande du Juif (<em>Chabbat<\/em> 19a, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019opinion de la maison d\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019Hillel\u00a0; <em>Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 246, 1-3).<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div>\n<p><a href='#_te01ftnref9_k' id='_te01ftn9_k'>[k]<\/a>. La Torah pr\u00e9voyait un statut de <em>\u2018eved<\/em>, litt\u00e9ralement <em>esclave<\/em>. Il s\u2019agit dans la Bible d\u2019une cat\u00e9gorie juridique particuli\u00e8re, r\u00e9gie par des lois protectrices, et qui doit \u00eatre distingu\u00e9e de la pratique de l\u2019esclavage par les autres peuples de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 ou de l\u2019\u00e9poque moderne.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href='#_te01ftnref9_6' id='_te01ftn9_6'>[6]<\/a>. <em>Yevamot <\/em>48b, <em>Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 304, 1, <em>Michna Beroura<\/em> \u00a7 1 et 15. Les commentateurs sont partag\u00e9s sur la question du <em>guer tochav<\/em> (\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9tranger r\u00e9sident\u00a0\u00bb), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le non-Juif qui a pris sur soi l\u2019observance des sept lois noachides. Selon Rachi et <em>Tossephot <\/em>(sur <em>Yevamot <\/em>48b), la Torah dit de lui\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Le fils de ta servante, ainsi que <strong>l\u2019\u00e9tranger<\/strong>, se reposeront \u00bb (Ex 23, 12)\u00a0: bien que son statut soit celui d\u2019un non-Juif et qu\u2019il lui soit permis de travailler durant Chabbat, la Torah interdit au Juif de lui demander d\u2019accomplir un travail \u00e0 son intention pendant ce jour.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Selon le Roch (ad loc.) et Ma\u00efmonide (20, 14), ce n\u2019est que si ce Noachide est \u00ab\u00a0son salari\u00e9 ou son employ\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb que la Torah interdit au Juif de lui demander d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter un travail\u00a0; en revanche, s\u2019il s\u2019agit de quelque autre Noachide, son statut est semblable \u00e0 celui de tout autre non-Juif \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du Chabbat\u00a0: la Torah autorise \u00e0 lui demander de faire un travail, mais les sages l\u2019interdisent. (Le <em>S\u00e9fer Mitsvot Gadol, mitsva n\u00e9gative<\/em> 75 se distingue des autres d\u00e9cisionnaires\u00a0: selon lui, la Torah interdit de demander \u00e0 un non-Juif de faire un quelconque travail\u00a0; son opinion est cit\u00e9e par le <em>Beit Yossef<\/em> 245).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En plus de l\u2019interdit d\u2019accomplir un travail le Chabbat, il nous est ordonn\u00e9 d\u2019accorder le repos \u00e0 nos enfants, \u00e0 nos serviteurs, et \u00e0 nos animaux, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tu ne feras aucun travail, toi, ton fils, ta fille, ton serviteur, ta servante, ton b\u0153uf ni ton \u00e2ne, ni aucune de tes b\u00eates, ni [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-439","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-01-09"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>10. 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