{"id":4800,"date":"2000-12-13T00:13:39","date_gmt":"2000-12-12T22:13:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=4800"},"modified":"2021-05-10T11:37:32","modified_gmt":"2021-05-10T08:37:32","slug":"12-13-13","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/12-13-13\/","title":{"rendered":"13 – D\u00e9coration de la synagogue"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nombreux sont ceux qui ont coutume de parer la synagogue de plantes et de branchages, beaux et odorif\u00e9rants, en l\u2019honneur de la Torah qui nous fut donn\u00e9e \u00e0 Chavou\u2019ot. C\u2019est parce que la Torah ajoute \u00e0 la vie que l\u2019on a coutume d\u2019orner la synagogue de feuilles v\u00e9g\u00e9tales, qui expriment la vie, de m\u00eame que, lors du don de la Torah, le mont Sina\u00ef s\u2019\u00e9tait couvert de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation en l\u2019honneur de la Torah (Levouch<\/em>). Certains disposent des branchages odorif\u00e9rants, afin d\u2019ajouter au d\u00e9lice et \u00e0 la joie, et d\u2019exprimer la sublime hauteur spirituelle de la Torah\u00a0; car nos sages enseignent que, \u00ab\u00a0de chacune des dix paroles qui sortaient de la bouche du Saint b\u00e9ni soit-Il, le monde entier se remplissait de parfums\u00a0\u00bb (Chabbat<\/em> 88b). Certains ont coutume de disposer des branches d\u2019arbre au motif que, \u00e0 Chavou\u2019ot, on est jug\u00e9 sur les fruits de l\u2019arbre\u00a0; en d\u00e9corant de branches la synagogue, on se rappelle qu\u2019il faut prier au sujet des fruits (Maguen Avraham<\/em> 494, 5). Pour autant, on ne met pas de branches d\u2019arbres fruitiers, afin de ne pas les d\u00e9truire gratuitement.<\/p>\n

L\u2019origine de cette coutume remonte \u00e0 environ six cents ans, en pays germanique (Maharil, Rama 494, 3). De l\u00e0, elle se r\u00e9pandit \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 des communaut\u00e9s juives, s\u00e9farades comme ashk\u00e9nazes. Toutefois, le Gaon de Vilna s\u2019opposa \u00e0 cette coutume, car elle ressemblait \u00e0 un usage non juif, consistant \u00e0 d\u00e9corer d\u2019arbres les maisons en l\u2019honneur de certaine f\u00eate\u00a0; or la Torah a ordonn\u00e9 de ne pas imiter les coutumes des gentils, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Vous n\u2019irez pas selon leurs lois\u00a0\u00bb (Lv 18, 3). Certains ont l\u2019usage de se conformer \u00e0 cette opinion (\u2018Hay\u00e9 Adam <\/em>131, 13).<\/p>\n

Mais de l\u2019avis de la majorit\u00e9 des d\u00e9cisionnaires, il n\u2019y a pas de mal \u00e0 cette coutume, car l\u2019interdit d\u2019aller dans les voies des non-Juifs ne vaut que lorsqu\u2019il y a dans la coutume en cause une atteinte port\u00e9e \u00e0 la pudeur et \u00e0 la modestie, ou lorsque la coutume n\u2019a aucune signification[r]<\/a><\/sup> ni utilit\u00e9, et qu\u2019elle est seulement suivie pour imiter les coutumes non juives, lesquelles reposent sur de vaines croyances. Mais dans notre cas, o\u00f9 nous avons de bonnes raisons d\u2019observer cette coutume, il n\u2019est pas \u00e0 craindre qu\u2019elle paraisse s\u2019inscrire dans les voies des non-Juifs. Tel est donc l\u2019usage dans la majorit\u00e9 des communaut\u00e9s, que de d\u00e9corer la synagogue de plantes et de branchages, beaux et odorif\u00e9rants. Certains ont \u00e9galement l\u2019usage de d\u00e9corer les maisons de branchages et de fleurs (Rama 494, 3)[5]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Puisque ces branchages servent \u00e0 l\u2019agr\u00e9ment visuel, ils ne sont pas mouqts\u00e9<\/em>. Cependant, si Chavou\u2019ot tombe un dimanche, il ne faut pas les installer pendant Chabbat, puisqu\u2019on ne pr\u00e9pare pas le Yom tov pendant Chabbat (Michna Beroura<\/em> 494, 9).<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[r]<\/a>. D\u2019un point de vue juif.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>. Cette compr\u00e9hension de l\u2019interdit d\u2019imiter les lois non juives est notamment celle du Mahariq, Chorech<\/em> 88, et du Rivach 158. C\u2019est aussi en ce sens que s\u2019expriment le Beit Yossef <\/em>et le Rama, Yor\u00e9 D\u00e9\u2019a<\/em> 178, 1. Et puisque la coutume consistant \u00e0 d\u00e9corer les synagogues est motiv\u00e9e, il n\u2019y a pas l\u00e0 d\u2019interdit (Yossef Da\u2019at<\/em>, de l\u2019auteur du Choel Oum\u00e9chiv<\/em>\u00a0; Maharcham, Da\u2019at Torah<\/em> 494, 3\u00a0; cf. Ye\u2019hav\u00e9 Da\u2019at<\/em> IV 33\u00a0; Hilkhot \u2018Hag Be\u2019hag<\/em> 8, 11).<\/p>\n

Jadis, au titre de cette coutume, on couvrait d\u2019herbes le sol\u00a0; mais \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, on n\u2019avait pas l\u2019usage de carreler les maisons (cf. Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 337, 2, B\u00e9our Halakha<\/em> \u05d3\u00a0\u00bb\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d9\u05e9). \u00c0 ce qu\u2019il semble, \u00e0 mesure que se g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisait le carrelage des sols, on consid\u00e9rait que les couvrir d\u2019herbes portait atteinte \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de la synagogue, de sorte que l\u2019usage s\u2019est perdu.<\/p>\n

Pour la majorit\u00e9 des d\u00e9cisionnaires, l\u2019interdit de d\u00e9truire les arbres fruitiers s\u2019applique \u00e9galement \u00e0 leurs branches (Beer Cheva\u2019<\/em>, \u2018Hida dans \u2018Ha\u00efm Chaal<\/em> I 23)\u00a0; mais certains permettent de couper des branches (Michn\u00e9 Lam\u00e9lekh<\/em>). Certes, pour les besoins d\u2019une mitsva, il est permis de couper des branches d\u2019arbres fruitiers (Har Tsvi, Ora\u2019h \u2018Ha\u00efm<\/em> II 102). Mais il n\u2019est pas d\u2019usage de disposer des branches d\u2019arbres fruitiers \u00e0 titre d\u00e9coratif, car, pour les besoins d\u2019une simple coutume, il n\u2019y a pas lieu d\u2019\u00eatre indulgent en la mati\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nombreux sont ceux qui ont coutume de parer la synagogue de plantes et de branchages, beaux et odorif\u00e9rants, en l\u2019honneur de la Torah qui nous fut donn\u00e9e \u00e0 Chavou\u2019ot. C\u2019est parce que la Torah ajoute \u00e0 la vie que l\u2019on a coutume d\u2019orner la synagogue de feuilles v\u00e9g\u00e9tales, qui expriment la vie, de m\u00eame que, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4800","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-12-13"],"yoast_head":"\n13 - D\u00e9coration de la synagogue - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/12-13-13\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"13 - D\u00e9coration de la synagogue - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nombreux sont ceux qui ont coutume de parer la synagogue de plantes et de branchages, beaux et odorif\u00e9rants, en l\u2019honneur de la Torah qui nous fut donn\u00e9e \u00e0 Chavou\u2019ot. 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