{"id":4967,"date":"2001-01-04T00:02:41","date_gmt":"2001-01-03T22:02:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=4967"},"modified":"2021-08-22T21:05:33","modified_gmt":"2021-08-22T18:05:33","slug":"13-04-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/","title":{"rendered":"02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Chacune des quatre esp\u00e8ces conditionne la validit\u00e9 de l\u2019ensemble\u00a0: s\u2019il manque une des quatre, la mitsva n\u2019est pas accomplie (<em>Mena\u2019hot<\/em> 27a). A priori, il faut les soulever ensemble, en attachant \u00e0 la branche de palmier les myrtes et les saules. A posteriori, si on les a soulev\u00e9es l\u2019une apr\u00e8s l\u2019autre, on est quitte de son obligation (<em>Choul\u2019han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 651, 12\u00a0; cf. ci-apr\u00e8s, chap. 5 \u00a7 2).<\/p>\n<p>Cette loi rec\u00e8le une id\u00e9e profonde. Nos sages ont enseign\u00e9\u00a0: de m\u00eame que deux des quatre esp\u00e8ces donnent des fruits (le c\u00e9dratier et le palmier), et que les deux autres n\u2019en donnent pas (le myrte et le saule), de m\u00eame le peuple d\u2019Isra\u00ebl\u00a0: on y trouve des \u00e9rudits (<em>talmid\u00e9 \u2018hakhamim<\/em>) et des gens de m\u00e9rite (<em>anch\u00e9 ma\u2019ass\u00e9<\/em>). Et de m\u00eame que, s\u2019il manque une des quatre esp\u00e8ces, on n\u2019est pas quitte de la mitsva des <em>arba\u2019a minim<\/em>, de m\u00eame parmi le peuple juif\u00a0: les \u00e9rudits ne sauraient se maintenir sans l\u2019aide des gens de m\u00e9rite, qui les assistent dans leur subsistance\u00a0; et les gens de m\u00e9rite ne sauraient se maintenir sans les \u00e9rudits, qui donnent une valeur spirituelle \u00e0 leurs vies, et les attachent \u00e0 la vie \u00e9ternelle (d\u2019apr\u00e8s <em>Mena\u2019hot<\/em> 27a\u00a0; <em>\u2018Houlin<\/em> 92a\u00a0; <em>Tan\u2019houma<\/em> sur <em>Emor\u00a0<\/em>; Rabbi Yits\u2019haq ibn Ghiat, <em>Lois du loulav<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>De fa\u00e7on plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9e, les sages expliquent (<em>Lv Rabba<\/em> 30, 12) que les quatre esp\u00e8ces font allusion aux quatre cat\u00e9gories de personnes. Le c\u00e9drat, qui est savoureux et odorif\u00e9rant, repr\u00e9sente les Juifs parfaits par leur connaissance toranique et leur pratique des bonnes actions. Le palmier-dattier porte des fruits savoureux mais n\u2019a pas d\u2019odeur, \u00e0 l\u2019image de certains \u00e9tudiants qui poss\u00e8dent de la science toranique, mais n\u2019ont pas le m\u00e9rite de multiplier leurs bonnes actions. Le myrte, dont l\u2019odeur est bonne mais qui n\u2019a pas de go\u00fbt, fait allusion aux personnes qui accomplissent de bonnes actions mais qui n\u2019ont pas eu le m\u00e9rite de devenir des \u00e9rudits. Le saule, qui n\u2019a ni go\u00fbt ni odeur, figure les Juifs simples, qui n\u2019ont eu le m\u00e9rite ni d\u2019\u00e9tudier la Torah, ni d\u2019accomplir des bonnes actions. De prime abord, puisqu\u2019ils n\u2019ont \u00e0 leur actif ni Torah ni actions m\u00e9ritoires, leur vie ne poss\u00e8de point de valeur, de sorte qu\u2019ils ne devraient pas avoir part au monde futur. Qu\u2019est-ce que leur fait le Saint b\u00e9ni soit-Il\u00a0? Certes, il est impossible de les d\u00e9truire\u00a0! Aussi le Saint b\u00e9ni soit-Il d\u00e9clare\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Que tous soient attach\u00e9s en un seul bouquet, et ils feront expiation les uns sur les autres.\u00a0\u00bb Le Saint b\u00e9ni soit-Il dit encore\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Si vous faites ainsi, \u00e0 ce moment Je m\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8verai.\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0Et les palais des mondes sup\u00e9rieurs se construisent par ce biais, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Il construit dans les cieux ses degr\u00e9s, Il a fond\u00e9 sa muraille<sup><a id=\"_te01ftnref4_a\" class=\"aup1\" href=\"#_te01ftn4_a\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0sur la terre \u00bb (Amos 9, 6).<\/p>\n<p>Les sages expliquent encore que les quatre esp\u00e8ces font allusion aux principes essentiels de la foi\u00a0: aux trois patriarches et \u00e0 Yossef, aux quatre matriarches, aux membres du Sanh\u00e9drin et aux \u00e9rudits qui les accompagnaient (<em>Lv Rabba <\/em>30, 9-11).<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div><a id=\"_te01ftn4_a\" href=\"#_te01ftnref4_a\">[a]<\/a>. <em>Agouda<\/em>, litt. <em>faisceau<\/em>, <em>groupe<\/em>, <em>ensemble<\/em>. Notre traduction suit la premi\u00e8re explication du <em>Da\u2019at Miqra<\/em> (selon laquelle cette muraille est celle des montagnes entourant la plaine)<em>\u00a0<\/em>; selon la seconde, <em>agouda<\/em> d\u00e9signe la vo\u00fbte c\u00e9leste. Quoi qu\u2019il en soit du sens litt\u00e9ral, l\u2019id\u00e9e de la <em>deracha <\/em>est que, par le biais du rassemblement des esp\u00e8ces en faisceau ici-bas, les degr\u00e9s c\u00e9lestes sont fond\u00e9s\u00a0; le ciel s\u2019appuie sur la terre.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chacune des quatre esp\u00e8ces conditionne la validit\u00e9 de l\u2019ensemble\u00a0: s\u2019il manque une des quatre, la mitsva n\u2019est pas accomplie (Mena\u2019hot 27a). A priori, il faut les soulever ensemble, en attachant \u00e0 la branche de palmier les myrtes et les saules. A posteriori, si on les a soulev\u00e9es l\u2019une apr\u00e8s l\u2019autre, on est quitte de son [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[215],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-13-04"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chacune des quatre esp\u00e8ces conditionne la validit\u00e9 de l\u2019ensemble\u00a0: s\u2019il manque une des quatre, la mitsva n\u2019est pas accomplie (Mena\u2019hot 27a). A priori, il faut les soulever ensemble, en attachant \u00e0 la branche de palmier les myrtes et les saules. A posteriori, si on les a soulev\u00e9es l\u2019une apr\u00e8s l\u2019autre, on est quitte de son [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Pnin\u00e9 Halakha\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2001-01-03T22:02:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-08-22T18:05:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05e8\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05e8\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05e8\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/8822293bfa4f7cd35b44a3c311851b63\"},\"headline\":\"02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl\",\"datePublished\":\"2001-01-03T22:02:41+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-08-22T18:05:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/\"},\"wordCount\":653,\"articleSection\":[\"Chapitre 4 - Les quatre esp\u00e8ces (arba\u2019a minim)\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/\",\"name\":\"02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2001-01-03T22:02:41+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-08-22T18:05:33+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/8822293bfa4f7cd35b44a3c311851b63\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u05d3\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/\",\"name\":\"Pnin\u00e9 Halakha\",\"description\":\"Rav Eli\u00e9zer Melamed\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/8822293bfa4f7cd35b44a3c311851b63\",\"name\":\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05e8\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4839847e1f630d0e0f5d54879b51b427c551b51611b74d6558e54ff6e69ce498?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4839847e1f630d0e0f5d54879b51b427c551b51611b74d6558e54ff6e69ce498?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05e8\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/author\/shlomit12\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/13-04-02\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"02.Les quatre esp\u00e8ces expriment l\u2019unit\u00e9 d\u2019Isra\u00ebl - Pnin\u00e9 Halakha","og_description":"Chacune des quatre esp\u00e8ces conditionne la validit\u00e9 de l\u2019ensemble\u00a0: s\u2019il manque une des quatre, la mitsva n\u2019est pas accomplie (Mena\u2019hot 27a). 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