{"id":5319,"date":"2026-01-02T01:00:27","date_gmt":"2026-01-01T23:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=5319"},"modified":"2026-01-28T12:52:58","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T10:52:58","slug":"10-02-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/10-02-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. L\u2019impuret\u00e9 des mains"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019ablution des mains est l\u2019une des sept mitsvot qu\u2019ont institu\u00e9es les sages. Pour comprendre le fondement de leur d\u00e9cision, il faut d\u2019abord dire que, selon la Torah, tout le corps est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une seule et m\u00eame entit\u00e9, eu \u00e9gard aux notions d\u2019impuret\u00e9 et de puret\u00e9\u00a0: ou bien il est enti\u00e8rement pur, ou bien il est enti\u00e8rement impur. En d\u2019autres termes, si l\u2019un des membres du corps a touch\u00e9 une chose impure, le corps entier est rendu impur. Par exemple, si l\u2019on touche de son pied un mort, ce n\u2019est pas seulement le pied qui contracte l\u2019impuret\u00e9, mais tout le corps. De m\u00eame, la purification doit inclure tout le corps\u00a0; aussi, au moment o\u00f9 l\u2019on s\u2019immerge dans le bain rituel (<em>miqv\u00e9<\/em>) pour se purifier, il faut immerger tout son corps dans l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n<p>Comme compl\u00e9ment \u00e0 cette loi, les sages du Talmud ont conf\u00e9r\u00e9 un statut particulier et distinct aux mains. Parce que celles-ci se livrent \u00e0 tout ce qui a trait \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la mati\u00e8re, elles se salissent davantage que le reste du corps, et sont aussi plus susceptibles de toucher, sans qu\u2019on y prenne garde, \u00e0 des choses impures. Aussi les sages ont-ils d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que les mains, sauf quand on les sait pures, doivent \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme impures, et que la mani\u00e8re de les purifier est de les laver \u00e0 l\u2019eau (cf. Rachi sur <em>Chabbat<\/em> 14a).<\/p>\n<p>Cette directive (<em>taqana<\/em>) a connu plusieurs \u00e9tapes. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque du premier Temple, le roi Salomon institua une impuret\u00e9 des mains \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des sacrifices, de sorte que quiconque toucherait de ses mains un sacrifice aurait l\u2019obligation de se les purifier pr\u00e9alablement\u00a0; et que, si l\u2019on y touchait sans avoir purifi\u00e9 ses mains, on rendrait la chair du sacrifice impure, et impropre \u00e0 la consommation. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque du second Temple, la maison d\u2019\u00e9tude de Chama\u00ef et celle de Hillel d\u00e9cid\u00e8rent que les mains seraient \u00e9galement impures \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la <em>terouma<\/em><sup><a id=\"_te01ftnref2_a\" class=\"aup1\" href=\"#_te01ftn2_a\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0: quiconque toucherait \u00e0 la <em>terouma<\/em> sans s\u2019\u00eatre lav\u00e9 les mains la rendrait impropre \u00e0 la consommation\u00a0; et, pour ne pas risquer de manger par erreur la <em>terouma<\/em> ainsi invalid\u00e9e, on doit la br\u00fbler (<em>Chabbat<\/em> 14). Par la suite, les sages \u00e9tendirent la mitsva, et interdirent de manger du pain sans ablution pr\u00e9alable des mains (<em>\u2018Houlin<\/em> 106a).<\/p>\n<p>Pour expliquer la mitsva de se laver les mains avant de manger du pain, deux motifs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9s. Le premier est ce que l\u2019on appelle <em>s\u00e9rekh terouma<\/em> (imitation, assimilation \u00e0 la <em>terouma<\/em>)\u00a0: pour que les pr\u00eatres (<em>cohanim<\/em>) s\u2019habituassent \u00e0 se laver les mains avant de consommer leur <em>terouma<\/em>, les sages d\u00e9cid\u00e8rent que tout Isra\u00e9lite se laverait les mains avant un repas accompagn\u00e9 de pain (<em>s\u00e9\u2018ouda<\/em>). Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cela, la coutume de l\u2019ablution s\u2019enracinerait parmi tout le peuple juif, et les <em>cohanim<\/em> eux-m\u00eames auraient davantage \u00e0 c\u0153ur de se laver les mains avant la consommation de leur <em>terouma<\/em>. Et bien que, de nos jours, le Temple soit d\u00e9truit, et que, parce que l\u2019on ne peut se d\u00e9faire de l\u2019impuret\u00e9 li\u00e9e au contact d\u2019un mort, les pr\u00eatres ne mangent plus de <em>terouma<\/em> depuis de nombreuses g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, le d\u00e9cret portant sur l\u2019ablution des mains n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 annul\u00e9\u00a0; car nous esp\u00e9rons que le Temple sera bient\u00f4t reconstruit, et nous devons \u00eatre pr\u00eats, habitu\u00e9s aux coutumes relatives \u00e0 la puret\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>La seconde raison est que les mains sont tr\u00e8s actives, de sorte qu\u2019elles touchent \u00e0 des endroits malpropres. Or il ne convient pas de manger avec des mains souill\u00e9es. Par cons\u00e9quent, afin de conserver la puret\u00e9 de la nourriture et sa saintet\u00e9, les sages institu\u00e8rent l\u2019ablution des mains avant le repas. Ils fond\u00e8rent leurs paroles sur le verset\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u00a0Vous vous sanctifierez et vous serez saints, car Je suis saint\u2026\u00a0\u00bb (Lv 11, 44) <em>Vous vous sanctifierez<\/em> \u2013 c\u2019est l\u2019ablution initiale\u2026 (<em>Berakhot<\/em> 53b)<\/p>\n<p>M\u00eame si l\u2019on a les mains propres \u2013 par exemple si l\u2019on vient de se les laver au savon \u2013 on doit, avant que de manger du pain, proc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019ablution de ses mains, afin de les purifier et de les sanctifier \u00e0 l\u2019approche du repas (cf. <em>Choul\u2018han \u2018Aroukh, Ora\u2018h \u2018Ha\u00efm<\/em> 158, 1, <em>Michna Beroura<\/em> 1).<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div><a id=\"_te01ftn2_a\" href=\"#_te01ftnref2_a\">[a]<\/a>. Part revenant au pr\u00eatre (<em>cohen<\/em>).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019ablution des mains est l\u2019une des sept mitsvot qu\u2019ont institu\u00e9es les sages. Pour comprendre le fondement de leur d\u00e9cision, il faut d\u2019abord dire que, selon la Torah, tout le corps est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une seule et m\u00eame entit\u00e9, eu \u00e9gard aux notions d\u2019impuret\u00e9 et de puret\u00e9\u00a0: ou bien il est enti\u00e8rement pur, ou bien il [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[233],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-10-02"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>01. 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