{"id":5658,"date":"2026-01-08T14:00:27","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T12:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=5658"},"modified":"2026-01-27T15:18:32","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T13:18:32","slug":"10-08-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/10-08-14\/","title":{"rendered":"14. Fruits et l\u00e9gumes crus et cuits"},"content":{"rendered":"

Si l\u2019on mange un fruit ou un l\u00e9gume de la fa\u00e7on usuelle, que ce soit cru ou cuit, on prononce la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction qui lui est propre\u00a0: Ha-adama<\/em> pour un fruit de la terre, Ha\u2018ets<\/em> pour un fruit de l\u2019arbre. Si on le mange d\u2019une mani\u00e8re non usuelle, ce v\u00e9g\u00e9tal perd son statut premier\u00a0; mais puisqu\u2019il est encore comestible en cas de n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pressante, on dira la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em> (Choul\u2018han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 205, 1\u00a0; 202, 12). Par exemple, on a l\u2019usage de manger la pomme de terre et la courge cuites, et non crues. Par cons\u00e9quent, si on les mange cuites, on dira Ha-adama\u00a0<\/em>; tandis que, si on les mange crues et qu\u2019elles conviennent \u00e0 la consommation en cas de n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pressante (be-cha\u2018at had\u2018haq<\/em>), on dira Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em> (Choul\u2018han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 205, 1). Mais si, m\u00eame en cas de n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pressante, un v\u00e9g\u00e9tal ne se mange pas tel quel \u2013 comme c\u2019est le cas du poivre ou des autres \u00e9pices \u2013, on ne dit aucune b\u00e9n\u00e9diction (Choul\u2018han \u2018Aroukh <\/em>202, 16).<\/p>\n

Les fruits de l\u2019arbre, comme la pomme ou la poire, sont usuellement consomm\u00e9s crus ou cuits. Par cons\u00e9quent, dans les deux cas, la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction est Ha\u2018ets<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Il y a des plantes, comme l\u2019ail et l\u2019oignon, qu\u2019il n\u2019est pas habituel de manger seules\u00a0quand elles sont crues\u00a0; elles sont toujours l\u2019accessoire d\u2019un autre aliment, et leur r\u00f4le est d\u2019en rehausser le go\u00fbt. Par cons\u00e9quent, elles perdent le statut particulier de \u00ab\u00a0fruit de la terre\u00a0\u00bb, et, si l\u2019on veut les manger telles quelles, on dira Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em>. En revanche, si on les cuit pour les manger ainsi, on dira Ha-adama<\/em> (cf. Michna Beroura<\/em> 205, 5 et 7).<\/p>\n

\u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, tout d\u00e9pend de la coutume locale. Par exemple, il y a environ cent ans, il \u00e9tait d\u2019usage en Europe de ne manger le chou que cuit ou en conserve\u00a0; celui qui le mangeait cru disait donc Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em> (Michna Beroura<\/em> 205, 4). Mais au Moyen-Orient, il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement courant de le manger cru\u00a0; d\u00e8s lors, on disait Ha-adama <\/em>sur le chou cru (Kaf Ha\u2018ha\u00efm<\/em> 205, 8). De nos jours, en Isra\u00ebl, les Ashk\u00e9nazes eux-m\u00eames ont pris l\u2019habitude de manger du chou cru\u00a0; aussi la r\u00e8gle a-t-elle chang\u00e9 \u00e0 leur \u00e9gard\u00a0: eux aussi disent Ha-adama<\/em>[11]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

En ces mati\u00e8res, m\u00eame si l\u2019on s\u2019est tromp\u00e9, on est quitte de son obligation. Par exemple, dans le cas o\u00f9 l\u2019on aurait d\u00fb dire Ha\u2018ets<\/em> sur un fruit cuit, et o\u00f9 l\u2019on a dit par erreur Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em> \u2013 parce que l\u2019on a pens\u00e9 que tel n\u2019\u00e9tait pas son mode normal de consommation \u2013 on est quitte. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, si l\u2019on a mang\u00e9 une pomme de terre crue, pour laquelle on aurait d\u00fb dire Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em> \u2013 puisque ce mode de consommation n\u2019est pas habituel \u2013, et que l\u2019on ait dit par erreur Ha-adama<\/em>, on est quitte, puisqu\u2019il s\u2019agit bel et bien d\u2019un fruit de la terre (Choul\u2018han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 206, 1, Michna Beroura<\/em> 3)[12]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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\n
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[11]<\/a>. Le \u00ab\u00a0mode de consommation usuel\u00a0\u00bb (d\u00e9rekh akhila<\/em>) est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par l\u2019usage, non par la possibilit\u00e9. Il est de fait que l\u2019on peut manger du chou cru\u00a0; malgr\u00e9 cela, lorsque l\u2019usage \u00e9tait en Europe de ne le manger que cuit ou en conserve, on disait Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em> dans le cas o\u00f9 on le mangeait cru (comme l\u2019\u00e9crit le Michna Beroura<\/em> 205, 3). Quand on commen\u00e7a \u00e0 le manger fr\u00e9quemment cru, la r\u00e8gle changea\u00a0: bien qu\u2019il continu\u00e2t, majoritairement, d\u2019\u00eatre mang\u00e9 cuit, on commen\u00e7a \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer sa consommation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat cru comme commune (B\u00e9our Halakha<\/em> 202, 10 \u05d3\u00a0\u00bb\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc). De m\u00eame, le persil\u00a0: il est admis, en certains endroits, de le manger pour lui-m\u00eame, sans cuisson\u00a0; d\u00e8s lors, sa b\u00e9n\u00e9diction est Ha-adama<\/em>. Mais dans les pays ashk\u00e9nazes, il n\u2019est pas usuel de le manger ainsi\u00a0; aussi dira-t-on Ch\u00e9hakol <\/em>(c\u2019est l\u2019une des raisons pour lesquelles les Ashk\u00e9nazes ne mangent pas de persil en tant que karpas <\/em>\u00e0 Pessa\u2018h\u00a0; cf. Pnin\u00e9 Halakha \u2013 Les Lois de Pessa\u2018h<\/em> 16, 15).<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>. Le Cha\u2018ar\u00e9 Techouva<\/em> 206, 1 \u00e9crit que, en cas de doute, il est pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable de r\u00e9citer la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction plus sp\u00e9cifique, Ha\u2018ets <\/em>ou Ha-adama<\/em>. Mais en pratique, en cas de doute, la directive est de r\u00e9citer la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction la plus certaine\u00a0: si l\u2019h\u00e9sitation est entre Ha-adama<\/em> et Ha\u2019ets<\/em>, on dit Ha-adama<\/em>\u00a0; si l\u2019on h\u00e9site entre Ha-adama<\/em> et Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em>, on dit Ch\u00e9hakol<\/em>, comme l\u2019expliquent le Choul\u2018han \u2018Aroukh<\/em> 206, 1 et le Cha\u2018ar Hatsioun<\/em> 205, 7, et comme nous le signalons ci-dessus, note 9.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Si l\u2019on mange un fruit ou un l\u00e9gume de la fa\u00e7on usuelle, que ce soit cru ou cuit, on prononce la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction qui lui est propre\u00a0: Ha-adama pour un fruit de la terre, Ha\u2018ets pour un fruit de l\u2019arbre. Si on le mange d\u2019une mani\u00e8re non usuelle, ce v\u00e9g\u00e9tal perd son statut premier\u00a0; mais puisqu\u2019il […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[240],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chapitre-08-benedictions-des-fruits-et-des-legumes-chehakol"],"yoast_head":"\n14. 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