{"id":717,"date":"2016-04-03T01:00:43","date_gmt":"2016-04-02T22:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/?p=717"},"modified":"2018-03-20T10:03:34","modified_gmt":"2018-03-20T08:03:34","slug":"04-03-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ph.yhb.org.il\/fr\/04-03-01\/","title":{"rendered":"01. Mitsvot li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9limination du \u2018hamets"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u2019est un commandement positif de la Torah (mitsvat \u2018ass\u00e9<\/em>) que de d\u00e9truire le \u2018hamets de son domaine \u00e0 l\u2019approche de Pessa\u2019h, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Or, le premier jour, vous aurez \u00e9limin\u00e9 le levain de vos maisons\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 12, 15). Par tradition, nos sages enseignent que le propos du verset consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9truire le \u2018hamets avant le milieu du quatorzi\u00e8me jour de nissan, veille de Pessa\u2019h[a]<\/a><\/sup>. La preuve en est qu\u2019il est \u00e9crit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tu ne feras pas couler, en pr\u00e9sence de p\u00e2te lev\u00e9e, le sang de mon sacrifice\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0(Ex 34, 25) ; en d\u2019autres termes\u00a0: tu ne sacrifieras pas l\u2019agneau pascal alors qu\u2019il y aura encore du \u2018hamets dans ton domaine. Or le temps de l\u2019oblation de l\u2019agneau pascal d\u00e9bute le 14 nissan au midi solaire (cf. Pessa\u2019him <\/em>4b, Ma\u00efmonide, Michn\u00e9 Torah, lois du \u2018hamets<\/em> 2, 1). En cette mati\u00e8re, comme dans les autres mitsvot de Pessa\u2019h, les hommes et les femmes sont soumis aux m\u00eames r\u00e8gles.<\/p>\n

Quiconque n\u2019a pas \u00e9limin\u00e9 le \u2018hamets de son domaine avant le milieu du 14 nissan transgresse, \u00e0 tout instant, la mitsva positive d\u2019\u00e9limination du \u2018hamets, tant qu\u2019il s\u2019abstient de le d\u00e9truire (Michna Beroura<\/em> 443, 1). \u00c0 partir du d\u00e9but de la f\u00eate de Pessa\u2019h, la transgression de deux mitsvot \u00ab\u00a0n\u00e9gatives\u00a0\u00bb (interdits, mitsvot lo ta\u2019ass\u00e9<\/em>) s\u2019ajoutera \u00e0 la transgression pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Sept jours durant, il ne se trouvera pas<\/em> de levain en vos demeures\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 12, 19), et\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0On mangera des azymes durant ces sept jours, et il ne se verra pas<\/em> chez toi de p\u00e2te lev\u00e9e (\u2018hamets), ni ne se verra chez toi de levain (s\u00e9or<\/em>), en aucune de tes possessions\u00a0\u00bb (ibid. 13, 7). Nous voyons donc que, en accomplissant la mitsva d\u2019\u00e9liminer le \u2018hamets, nous nous pr\u00e9servons de la transgression de deux interdits, que nous appelons couramment bal y\u00e9ra\u00e9<\/em> (\u00ab\u00a0il ne sera pas vu\u00a0\u00bb) et bal yimats\u00e9<\/em> (\u00ab\u00a0il ne se trouvera pas\u00a0\u00bb\u2026 de \u2018hamets en nos domaines)[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Eliminer le \u2018hamets est la premi\u00e8re mitsva par laquelle nous amor\u00e7ons la s\u00e9rie des mitsvot relatives \u00e0 Pessa\u2019h. Nous l\u2019avons vu, le \u2018hamets \u00e0 Pessa\u2019h repr\u00e9sente le penchant au mal. Pour avoir le m\u00e9rite d\u2019int\u00e9grer en nous la saintet\u00e9 propre au sacrifice pascal et \u00e0 la consommation de la matsa, il faut pr\u00e9alablement d\u00e9truire le \u2018hamets, l\u2019\u00e9liminer de notre maison. Aussi, la premi\u00e8re des pr\u00e9parations \u00e0 Pessa\u2019h consiste-t-elle en l\u2019\u00e9limination du \u2018hamets.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n[a]<\/a>. Cf. chapitre 2, note 1.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>. \u00c0 ce propos, r\u00e9sumons les opinions concernant les horaires d\u2019application des interdits li\u00e9s au \u2018hamets. L\u2019\u00e9limination du \u2018hamets doit se faire avant le midi solaire du 14 nissan. (Il se peut que, selon l\u2019auteur du Maor<\/em>, la mitsva commence<\/em> \u00e0 midi, mais, pour les autres Richonim, l\u2019\u00e9limination doit s\u2019achever<\/em>, suivant la norme toranique, \u00e0 midi.)<\/p>\n

S\u2019agissant des autres mitsvot relatives au \u2018hamets, leurs horaires d\u2019application sont d\u00e9battus. Pour l\u2019interdit de consommation du \u2018hamets, il y a controverse entre Tanna\u00efm\u00a0: selon Rabbi Yehouda, l\u2019interdit toranique commence \u00e0 midi, le 14, tandis que, pour Rabbi Chimon, l\u2019interdit toranique de consommer du \u2018hamets ne d\u00e9bute qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la f\u00eate de Pessa\u2019h. La majorit\u00e9 des Richonim estiment que la halakha suit l\u2019opinion de Rabbin Yehouda ; mais certains pensent comme Rabbi Chimon. En ce qui concerne les interdits de bal y\u00e9ra\u00e9<\/em> (\u00ab\u00a0il n\u2019en sera pas vu\u00a0\u00bb) et de bal yimats\u00e9<\/em> (\u00ab\u00a0il ne s\u2019en trouvera pas\u00a0\u00bb), la majorit\u00e9 des Richonim estiment qu\u2019ils s\u2019appliquent \u00e0 partir de l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la f\u00eate de Pessa\u2019h\u00a0; mais, pour une minorit\u00e9 d\u2019entre eux, ces interdits d\u00e9butent d\u00e8s le 14 \u00e0 midi (cf. ci-dessus, chap. 2 \u00a7 2, note 2).<\/p>\n

Mentionnons encore le fait que, si l\u2019on participe au sacrifice pascal alors que l\u2019on a encore, dans son domaine, ne serait-ce qu\u2019un kaza\u00eft<\/em> [unit\u00e9 de volume des solides] de \u2018hamets, on enfreint un interdit toranique, puisqu\u2019il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tu ne feras pas couler, en pr\u00e9sence de p\u00e2te lev\u00e9e, le sang de mon sacrifice\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 23, 18). Si l\u2019on fait cela intentionnellement, et que l\u2019on ait \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en garde pr\u00e9alablement, on est passible de malqout <\/em>[trente-neuf coups] (Ma\u00efmonide, Michn\u00e9 Torah, Qorban Pessa\u2019h<\/em> 1, 5).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u2019est un commandement positif de la Torah (mitsvat \u2018ass\u00e9) que de d\u00e9truire le \u2018hamets de son domaine \u00e0 l\u2019approche de Pessa\u2019h, comme il est dit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Or, le premier jour, vous aurez \u00e9limin\u00e9 le levain de vos maisons\u00a0\u00bb (Ex 12, 15). Par tradition, nos sages enseignent que le propos du verset consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9truire le \u2018hamets […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-04-03"],"yoast_head":"\n01. 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